Ch. 15 Cardiovascular

What is the function of chordae tendineae?

Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria.

What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has

a very healthy cardiovascular system.

Systolic blood pressure increases with age.

True

The period of contraction is called systole.

True

A 65 year-old man has a heart rate of 80 bpm and stroke volume of 50 mL. What is his cardiac output in L/min?

4

The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.

5

At the beginning of ventricular diastole, what is the position of the AV valves?

AV valves are closed

What is the position of the valves during ventricular filling?

AV valves are open; semilunar valves are closed.

What factor can increase blood pressure?

An increase in heart rate.

A single cardiac cycle usually takes about 2 seconds.

False

The AV valves and semilunar valves are open at the same time.

False

Venous return to the heart is increased during expiration.

False

Where in the cardiac conduction system do the impulses pause momentarily?

Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.

Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?

Low blood pressure

Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?

Myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers

Which of the following gases does endothelium release?

Nitric oxide

Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?

P wave-depolarization of atria

What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization?

T wave

When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?

The AV valves are closing.

Which of the following is true about the heart?

The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.

What is systolic pressure?

The maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction.

What occurs after ventricular systole begins?

The semilunar valves open.

Impulses are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.

True

In the ventricles, the impulses travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls.

True

When do the semilunar valves open?

When pressure in the ventricles is greater than in the arteries.

The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)?

aorta

The __________ of the heart points inferiorly and to the left, and sits at the level of the __________ intercostal space.

apex; fifth

The __________ of the heart, which is more superior, is the point of attachment for the major vessels.

base

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

bradycardia

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?

capillaries

When the muscles relax, the blood flows backwards causing the valves to __________.

close

The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is

decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.

As blood moves from arteries to veins, the blood pressure ______________.

decreases

The skeleton of the heart consists of

fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.

Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of _____ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher ______ pressure.

filtration; hydrostatic

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure.

In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging?

less than

Respiratory movements can also help with venous blood flow. During inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity is ______________ the pressure in the abdominal cavity.

less than

The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is ___ the pressure in the systemic circuit.

less than

The heart is situated between the _______ to either side, in front of the _____________________, and behind the __________________.

lungs; vertebral column; sternum

What site is commonly used to feel a pulse?

radial artery on the wrist

In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.

Where do impulses originate in the heart?

sinoatrial node

The heart is located in the

thoracic cavity

To assist in venous blood flow, many larger veins contain ___________ that allow for one-way blood flow.

valves

Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with

ventricular contraction.

During what ventricular phase are the AV valves open?

ventricular diastole

Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by

starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.

Plasma proteins in capillaries help to

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Kidney disease can cause hypertension by

activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism. stimulating the secretion of aldosterone. increasing retention of sodium and water. ALL OF THE ABOVE

In the arterial disease atherosclerosis

all of the above may happen.

Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?

Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

Pulmonary artery

Therefore, during inspiration, the difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the __________ cavity toward the _____________ cavity.

abdominal; thoracic

What is the sequence of travel by an impulse through the cardiac conduction system?

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

When __________ muscles contract, they massage the veins, pushing the blood __________ the heart.

skeletal; toward