Ch. 15 Cardiovascular
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria.
What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has
a very healthy cardiovascular system.
Systolic blood pressure increases with age.
True
The period of contraction is called systole.
True
A 65 year-old man has a heart rate of 80 bpm and stroke volume of 50 mL. What is his cardiac output in L/min?
4
The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.
5
At the beginning of ventricular diastole, what is the position of the AV valves?
AV valves are closed
What is the position of the valves during ventricular filling?
AV valves are open; semilunar valves are closed.
What factor can increase blood pressure?
An increase in heart rate.
A single cardiac cycle usually takes about 2 seconds.
False
The AV valves and semilunar valves are open at the same time.
False
Venous return to the heart is increased during expiration.
False
Where in the cardiac conduction system do the impulses pause momentarily?
Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Low blood pressure
Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?
Myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
Which of the following gases does endothelium release?
Nitric oxide
Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?
P wave-depolarization of atria
What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization?
T wave
When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?
The AV valves are closing.
Which of the following is true about the heart?
The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
What is systolic pressure?
The maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction.
What occurs after ventricular systole begins?
The semilunar valves open.
Impulses are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.
True
In the ventricles, the impulses travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls.
True
When do the semilunar valves open?
When pressure in the ventricles is greater than in the arteries.
The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)?
aorta
The __________ of the heart points inferiorly and to the left, and sits at the level of the __________ intercostal space.
apex; fifth
The __________ of the heart, which is more superior, is the point of attachment for the major vessels.
base
An abnormally slow heart rate is termed
bradycardia
In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve
bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?
capillaries
When the muscles relax, the blood flows backwards causing the valves to __________.
close
The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is
decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.
As blood moves from arteries to veins, the blood pressure ______________.
decreases
The skeleton of the heart consists of
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.
Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of _____ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher ______ pressure.
filtration; hydrostatic
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure.
In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging?
less than
Respiratory movements can also help with venous blood flow. During inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity is ______________ the pressure in the abdominal cavity.
less than
The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is ___ the pressure in the systemic circuit.
less than
The heart is situated between the _______ to either side, in front of the _____________________, and behind the __________________.
lungs; vertebral column; sternum
What site is commonly used to feel a pulse?
radial artery on the wrist
In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
Where do impulses originate in the heart?
sinoatrial node
The heart is located in the
thoracic cavity
To assist in venous blood flow, many larger veins contain ___________ that allow for one-way blood flow.
valves
Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with
ventricular contraction.
During what ventricular phase are the AV valves open?
ventricular diastole
Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by
starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.
Plasma proteins in capillaries help to
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Kidney disease can cause hypertension by
activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism. stimulating the secretion of aldosterone. increasing retention of sodium and water. ALL OF THE ABOVE
In the arterial disease atherosclerosis
all of the above may happen.
Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?
Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?
Pulmonary artery
Therefore, during inspiration, the difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the __________ cavity toward the _____________ cavity.
abdominal; thoracic
What is the sequence of travel by an impulse through the cardiac conduction system?
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
When __________ muscles contract, they massage the veins, pushing the blood __________ the heart.
skeletal; toward
