Ch. 15 - Ch. 17 Geology Exam

About _____ area of desert areas are covered with sand?

10%

Worldwide average salinity is

3.5%

Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen?

77%

List three classes of dune forms

Crescentic, Linear, Star

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Crevasses---- vertical cracks from friction or tension; ice regelation--- the melting and refreezing of basal ice; glacial ice--- a metamorphic version of snow and firn; All of these are correctly matched.

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it.

False

As the evaporation rate increases, salinity decreases

False

Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas

False

Clay is easy to life from a surface and also is easy to keep suspend in the air.

False

Crevasses form in the basal layer of a glacier

False

Glacial ice can form during the duration of a single winter season in most glacial areas

False

Seawater is not a solution.

False

Because of the upper regions of a glacier flow _____ than the base of the glacier, the upper part of the glacier tends to be ____

Faster; strecthed

If precipitation events occur in a desert, a dry streambed can fill with a torrent called a ____and the dry sreambed is known as a ____

Flash flood; wash

Ch. 17

Glacialand Periglacial Processes and Landforms

A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is ____

Glacier

In China, the desert pavements are called ____

Gobi

Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand?

Leeward side

The largest ocean in the world in terms of area is the ____ and the smallest ocean in terms of area is ______

Pacific; Arctic

The concentration of dissolved solids in the seawater is called

Salinity

Pebbles can be moved by _____ in a process known as ____

Saltating particles; surface creep

What size material compromise the dust in a dust storm that extends thousands of feet above the ground?

Sand; silts and clays

In which region of the U.S. are eolian processes most effective?

Southwest

Which of the following surface conditions would limit the effectiveness of wind as an erosional agent?

Surface materials consisting of clay-sized particles

Which of the following is true of glacial movement?

The internal flow just below the surface is greater than the basal flow

The destruction of a mangrove swamp might lead to

The loss of aquatic species; the erosion of the coast; sediment accumulation one nearby reefs, and their consequent death; all of the above are true.

Which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone?

The water in this zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water; The water in this zone does not freeze because of its salinity

Which of the following is true of loess deposits?

They are formed of fine-grained clays and slits

Which of the following is not true of tides?

They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

Which of the following is not true of alluvial fans?

They frequently occur in the eastern US.

A desert is an area in which potential evapotranspiration rates exceed actual evapotranspiration rates

True

The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth is greater than that of the Sun's

True

The bulk of ice is in Greenland and Antarctica

True

The formation of desert pavement involves both wind and water

True

The presence of meltwater at the bottom of glacier can increase its rate of movement

True

The rate of sand movement is proportional to the wind speed

True

The saltating particles can initiate the movement of other particles

True

The skipping and bouncing action of saltation accounts for about 80% of wind transported particles

True

Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ____-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic_____-shape

V;U

The suspension of finer particles by wind over significant distances is a phenomenon known as

a dust storm

All of the following represent forms of glacial erosion except

ablation

The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the

ablation zone

Glacial polish results from

abrasion

The sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called

abrasion

The zone where positive gains end and losses begin in the glacial mass balance is called

an equilibrium line

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except

an ice cap

A terrace is

an uplift wave-cut platform

Coral formations

are made of animals living symbolically with simple algae

an atoll is approximately ____ in shape because it forms _____

circular; around submerged volcanic islands

A tarn is a lake in a

cirque

A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a

cirque glacier

From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?

coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciations?

cols and horns

A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as

continental glacier

Removal of vegetation from a semiarid grassland environment is likely to lead to

deflation

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

deflation

Which two process create desert pavement?

deflation and rain wash

Near the shore, waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more ____. The process eventually cause ____ to form.

elliptical; breakers

The term eolian refers to

erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind

Firn has a higher density than glacial ice

false

Snow that has a compact, granular structure is known as

firn

Brine water results from

high evaporation rates

The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is

ice sheet

In terms of area extent, which of the following sequences is in order from most to least area covered?

ice sheet, ice cap, ice field

Brackish water would be most likely to occur

in a deltaic swamp.

Which of the following grain sizes is most readily moved by the wind

intermediate

The ability of the wind to move materials

is small compared to other transporting agents, such as water and ice.

why, specially, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock?

it forms as a result of a recrystallization caused by pressure

The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because

its wavelength shortens

A general term for the coastal environment is

littoral zone

The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ____ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ____

longer; less snow falls per year in polar regions and longer; less melting and refreezing occurs in Antarctica

Basal slip is facilitated by

regelation; presence of melt water; saturated sediments; all of the above

Desert landscapes tend to be____ in appearance because of the ___

rugged and hard-edged; lack of water erosion

As regards wetlands; which of the following is correctly matched?

salt marsh---- poleware of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere

The spatial distributions of Earth's dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except

the equatorial low pressure region and the ITCZ

Ch. 16 Now!

the oceans, coastals processes, and landforms

Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform?

tombolo

An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano is capable of producing a

tsunami

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform?

wave-cut platform

Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called

yardangs

Which of the following is not related to coral rock formations?

bay barriers and barrier splits

Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)?

maximum tidal ranges occur

About 2% of the ocean mass comprise the

mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures

Because the algae which live in symbiotic relationship with coral platform ____, corals ____

photosynthesis; must live in water that is penetrated by light

A coral is a type of ____ that secretes ____ to form an organic rock home

polyp; calcium carbonate

Desertification is caused by

poor agricultural practices; deforestation; global climate changes; all of the above

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

spring tides-high tides only.

Desert pavement refers to

surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ___ and more ___ spaced than the swell they are related to.

taller, closely