Ch. 15 - Ch. 17 Geology Exam
About _____ area of desert areas are covered with sand?
10%
Worldwide average salinity is
3.5%
Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen?
77%
List three classes of dune forms
Crescentic, Linear, Star
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
Crevasses---- vertical cracks from friction or tension; ice regelation--- the melting and refreezing of basal ice; glacial ice--- a metamorphic version of snow and firn; All of these are correctly matched.
Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it.
False
As the evaporation rate increases, salinity decreases
False
Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas
False
Clay is easy to life from a surface and also is easy to keep suspend in the air.
False
Crevasses form in the basal layer of a glacier
False
Glacial ice can form during the duration of a single winter season in most glacial areas
False
Seawater is not a solution.
False
Because of the upper regions of a glacier flow _____ than the base of the glacier, the upper part of the glacier tends to be ____
Faster; strecthed
If precipitation events occur in a desert, a dry streambed can fill with a torrent called a ____and the dry sreambed is known as a ____
Flash flood; wash
Ch. 17
Glacialand Periglacial Processes and Landforms
A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is ____
Glacier
In China, the desert pavements are called ____
Gobi
Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand?
Leeward side
The largest ocean in the world in terms of area is the ____ and the smallest ocean in terms of area is ______
Pacific; Arctic
The concentration of dissolved solids in the seawater is called
Salinity
Pebbles can be moved by _____ in a process known as ____
Saltating particles; surface creep
What size material compromise the dust in a dust storm that extends thousands of feet above the ground?
Sand; silts and clays
In which region of the U.S. are eolian processes most effective?
Southwest
Which of the following surface conditions would limit the effectiveness of wind as an erosional agent?
Surface materials consisting of clay-sized particles
Which of the following is true of glacial movement?
The internal flow just below the surface is greater than the basal flow
The destruction of a mangrove swamp might lead to
The loss of aquatic species; the erosion of the coast; sediment accumulation one nearby reefs, and their consequent death; all of the above are true.
Which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone?
The water in this zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water; The water in this zone does not freeze because of its salinity
Which of the following is true of loess deposits?
They are formed of fine-grained clays and slits
Which of the following is not true of tides?
They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.
Which of the following is not true of alluvial fans?
They frequently occur in the eastern US.
A desert is an area in which potential evapotranspiration rates exceed actual evapotranspiration rates
True
The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth is greater than that of the Sun's
True
The bulk of ice is in Greenland and Antarctica
True
The formation of desert pavement involves both wind and water
True
The presence of meltwater at the bottom of glacier can increase its rate of movement
True
The rate of sand movement is proportional to the wind speed
True
The saltating particles can initiate the movement of other particles
True
The skipping and bouncing action of saltation accounts for about 80% of wind transported particles
True
Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ____-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic_____-shape
V;U
The suspension of finer particles by wind over significant distances is a phenomenon known as
a dust storm
All of the following represent forms of glacial erosion except
ablation
The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the
ablation zone
Glacial polish results from
abrasion
The sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called
abrasion
The zone where positive gains end and losses begin in the glacial mass balance is called
an equilibrium line
Alpine glaciers include all of the following except
an ice cap
A terrace is
an uplift wave-cut platform
Coral formations
are made of animals living symbolically with simple algae
an atoll is approximately ____ in shape because it forms _____
circular; around submerged volcanic islands
A tarn is a lake in a
cirque
A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a
cirque glacier
From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?
coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore
Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciations?
cols and horns
A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as
continental glacier
Removal of vegetation from a semiarid grassland environment is likely to lead to
deflation
The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed
deflation
Which two process create desert pavement?
deflation and rain wash
Near the shore, waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more ____. The process eventually cause ____ to form.
elliptical; breakers
The term eolian refers to
erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind
Firn has a higher density than glacial ice
false
Snow that has a compact, granular structure is known as
firn
Brine water results from
high evaporation rates
The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is
ice sheet
In terms of area extent, which of the following sequences is in order from most to least area covered?
ice sheet, ice cap, ice field
Brackish water would be most likely to occur
in a deltaic swamp.
Which of the following grain sizes is most readily moved by the wind
intermediate
The ability of the wind to move materials
is small compared to other transporting agents, such as water and ice.
why, specially, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock?
it forms as a result of a recrystallization caused by pressure
The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because
its wavelength shortens
A general term for the coastal environment is
littoral zone
The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ____ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ____
longer; less snow falls per year in polar regions and longer; less melting and refreezing occurs in Antarctica
Basal slip is facilitated by
regelation; presence of melt water; saturated sediments; all of the above
Desert landscapes tend to be____ in appearance because of the ___
rugged and hard-edged; lack of water erosion
As regards wetlands; which of the following is correctly matched?
salt marsh---- poleware of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere
The spatial distributions of Earth's dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except
the equatorial low pressure region and the ITCZ
Ch. 16 Now!
the oceans, coastals processes, and landforms
Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform?
tombolo
An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano is capable of producing a
tsunami
Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform?
wave-cut platform
Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called
yardangs
Which of the following is not related to coral rock formations?
bay barriers and barrier splits
Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)?
maximum tidal ranges occur
About 2% of the ocean mass comprise the
mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures
Because the algae which live in symbiotic relationship with coral platform ____, corals ____
photosynthesis; must live in water that is penetrated by light
A coral is a type of ____ that secretes ____ to form an organic rock home
polyp; calcium carbonate
Desertification is caused by
poor agricultural practices; deforestation; global climate changes; all of the above
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
spring tides-high tides only.
Desert pavement refers to
surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels
Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ___ and more ___ spaced than the swell they are related to.
taller, closely