Ch. 15 Clinical Psychology Fill-in-the-Blank

No matter what she is doing, Ester always feels a little tense and agitated. The apprehension has no apparent cause. Even during weekends and vacations, she experiences constant unease.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Disorganized thoughts. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Positive

Seeing spiders on the wall that are not actually there. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Positive

Dr. Reed believes that his patient has low self-esteem because other needs such as the need for belongingness and love from others have not been met. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Humanist

Dr. Hilbrand is helping a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder manage her illness by identifying obsessions as irrational thoughts that should not be acted upon. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Cognitive

Feeling out of touch from friends and family and extreme social withdrawal. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

Lack of ability to experience pleasure (anhedonia). This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

Lack of ability to plan or carry out planned activities. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

Alfred has always been very shy, he craves interaction with others but is so concerned that he will say something wrong or look like a fool if he tries something new that he avoids people altogether. He works as a computer programmer and as a result does not have to come face to face with others very often, he has essentially become a recluse in his own home and the problem seems to be getting worse.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Karen worries excessively about developing a rare disease. When she meets friends or writes letters to her relatives, she is constantly discussing how she feels and expresses concern that even the most minor irregularities in the functioning of her body are symptoms of underlying diseases. She spends a good deal of time consulting doctors for a second opinion.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Sherry worries excessively about developing a rare disease. When she meets friends or writes letters to her relatives, she is constantly discussing how she feels and expresses concern that she has or will soon have a serious disease. She spends a good deal of time consulting multiple doctors for opinions but rarely reports specific symptoms. She has high levels of worry and anxiety regarding her health.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Believing that the voices in one's head are actually real. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Positive

Although Karina was not personally injured in the earthquake, the experience was terrifying and her house was badly damaged. She helped rescue workers uncover bodies and saw many people who were crushed to death. She has frequent nightmares about earthquakes and even when awake she sometimes gets flashes as if she's reliving the experience. The slightest noise or movement around her causes her heart to pound rapidly. She has been experiencing symptoms for longer than one month. What disorder is being presented?

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Frank awoke one morning and suddenly realized that he had another name and a family in another state. He had no idea how he came to be living his present life.

Psychological Amnesia with Fugue symptoms

Missie is sixteen and very anxious. Her family and friends have noticed that her hair looks different and can even see a couple bald spot areas. Missie admits that she has been pulling out her own hair and that this behavior started when her family went through a stressful time. She explains that she feels a sense of tension and stress before she pulls out her hair and that when she pulls out a hair she feels relief. She has had many periods when she stops this behavior, but it always seems to return. What disorder is being presented?

Trichotillomania

Emmit, who has just suffered a serious knee injury, cannot undergo an MRI because he has an irrational fear of narrow, enclosed places.

Phobia (Claustrophobia)

Roger, a clinical psychologist, believes his patient Tom is suffering from depression because inconsistencies exist between the person he wants to be and the person that he is. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Humanist

A 28-year-old woman never leaves her home because she is extremely fearful of not being able to get help if she needed it or that she would be unable to escape.

Agoraphobia

Karyen believes that she is twenty pounds overweight, when her friends recently went to the pool she stayed back because she did not want anyone to see her in a swimsuit because she believed that her thighs looked too large and her shoulders too broad. Her friends are concerned about her because she is at a healthy weight. Karyen is constantly checking herself in mirrors, and has spent thousands on lotions and diet pills. She spends enormous amounts of time worrying about her weight and is extremely upset. What disorder is being presented?

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Dr. Matthews' research focuses on how individuals who suffer from depression differ from others in regard to how they interpret what others are saying to them. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Cognitive

Individuals who suffer from depression often have negative interpretations about who they are, events in their lives, and their future. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Cognitive

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness is the result of irrational beliefs, attitudes, and thoughts. Individuals who believe that they have a low level of control regarding what happens to them in life will be more likely to develop mental illnesses.

Cognitive

A 25-year-old professional athlete is plagued by constant thoughts that he is a terrible person who is a bad teammate. He often thinks that he should kneel down in front his teammates and coaches and beg for their forgiveness. He tries to push these thoughts from his mind by counting the ceiling tiles in the locker room over and over. He knows that his thoughts are not accurate but he has a hard time driving them from his mind. These thoughts and the worry they create are impairing his ability to train well. What disorder is being presented?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Bucky, a 38-year old businessman is obsessed with thoughts that he is going to run someone over with his car while he is driving. He knows this is irrational but every time he goes over a bump he has to repeatedly get out of his car and make sure he did not hit anyone. He is so distressed that he has a hard time driving at all. A short-trip takes him hours to drive because he has to keep checking to make certain nobody was hurt. What disorder is being presented?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Zelda is extremely concerned with cleanliness. In fact, before she retires at night, she goes through a ritual cleaning of her clothes and body that sometimes lasts for up to 2 hours. If she misses a step in the ritual or performs part of it imperfectly, she starts the ritual all over again. Only after she completely finishes this ritual can she go to sleep. The cleaning ritual is costing her sleep and she is having trouble getting up for work and doing her job. What disorder is being presented?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Edwin occasionally finds himself in a state of complete terror. The sensation lasts several minutes and he often feels as if he is having a heart attack. He finds he is anxious between attacks worrying when the next one might occur. What is Edwin suffering from?

Panic Disorder

While teaching her class one day, Theresa suddenly begins having difficulty breathing. Her heart starts pounding wildly, and she feels weak and dizzy. She feels as if she's having a heart attack and is honestly afraid that she's going to die in the next minute or two. After this event this happens a few more times in different situations. (Assume that Theresa is not actually having a heart attack) she becomes consumed with worry about when the next attack will happen.

Panic Disorder

Experiencing hallucinations was at one time necessary to become a full member of some Puritan churches, today this behavior would seem quite odd. What theory would explain the changing definition of disordered behavior over time?

Sociocultural

Jack's alcoholism may have begun from watching his father cope with emotional or stressful events by drinking when Jack was a child. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Behaviorist

Believing that you are Napoleon Bonaparte (you are not). This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Positive

Frank is a fire fighter in a large suburban area, a few times a week he is called upon to put out fires in his town or to help in neighboring areas. Recently a massive fire engulfed an apartment building in the town next door. Frank and his colleagues were among the first on the scene and there help was desperately needed to save the hundreds of people who lived on the higher floors. Despite their best efforts, 24 people died in the fire. Frank has nightmares of the event and every time the bell rings to indicate a call, he cannot help but think about that time and become preoccupied with the loss. He has been unable to function at work for the past few months. What disorder is being presented?

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness is the result of repressed unconscious thoughts, unresolved childhood conflicts, or sexual and aggressive impulses. The modern psychodynamic perspective emphasizes social interactions impact on mental illness but also examines the impact of childhood events and unconscious drives.

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

If you interacted with Scott briefly, you might think that he is normal. However, once he told you about the government's plot against him and how he was going to be rescued by some alien friends, you would start to suspect that he is disordered.

Schizophrenia (Positive)

Richard is convinced that the high rates of depression specifically for women in the United States stem from a significant difference from other societies regarding what types of emotional and material components are necessary to be "happy". Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Sociocultural

Emmit, who has just suffered a serious knee injury, cannot undergo a needed MRI because he has an irrational fear of narrow, enclosed places. His fears are negatively impacting his life.

Specific Phobia (Claustrophobia)

Kyla is convinced that the histrionic (attention seeking) behavior in her son is a result of her giving into his every whim when he was a child. He learned to get what he wanted by throwing temper tantrums and despite her thoughts that he would grow out of it, they have only increased as he has grown older. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Behaviorist

Tomas complains that he is experiencing recurrent episodes of lightheadedness, rapid breathing, and dizziness, especially as he attempts to leave his house. The symptoms have become so severe that, in fact, he is leaving his house less and less frequently. He now only goes the grocery store in the company of his sister. Once in the store, he checks immediately for the exits and windows.

Phobia (Agoraphobia)

Chitra is afraid of going to the grocery store, the mall, and most other public places. She is afraid that something bad will happen to her in these places and that she won't be able to escape or receive help if needed.

Agoraphobia

Alexandra periodically suffers from extremely high levels of anxiety but she cannot pinpoint the source or otherwise say why she is so anxious. She is terrified at times, her heart often races, she feels wobbly, and has difficulty concentrating.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Withdrawal from social situations. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

A patient with a fear of heights (acrophobia) is told by their therapist that their abnormal symptoms were the result of an unresolved conflict from childhood. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Verona reports to her doctor that she has a large number of vague complaints that do not seem connected in any way. She misses large amounts of work and is always sort of sick. Her life revolves around talking about her symptoms but she does fear she has any one serious disease. Some of her complaints are about pain, but sometimes it is nausea, dizziness, amnesia, and many other minor symptoms. She also experiences abnormal thoughts and behavior related to her symptoms.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A businesswoman who is worried about having to present her ideas at a conference wakes up and finds she is unable to move her hands and is paralyzed from the wrist down. Doctors cannot find a reason for why this is happening and in fact explain that her condition is medically impossible. This may be her mind's way of dealing with the stress of presenting and reducing her anxiety.

Conversion Disorder

A pilot who was traumatized after a bombing mission discovers he cannot see. Doctors are unable to ascertain any cause (he is not faking) for the sudden blindness, but when he is taken away from combat duty his sight returns.

Conversion Disorder

Although Karina was not personally injured in the earthquake, the experience was a terrifying one and her house was badly damaged. She has frequent nightmares about earthquakes and even when awake she sometimes gets flashes as if she's reliving the experience. The slightest noise or movement around her causes her heart to pound rapidly.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Marta is a 30-year old woman who is experiencing a constant sense of worry. She is unable to function well on a daily basis. Her sleeping and eating habits have been disrupted due to the constant worrying. She went to see her psychologist because she is constantly tense and jittery. Headaches plague her for hours. She is having trouble taking care of her children and is making mistakes at work because she is not sleeping well. She cannot identify what is causing her anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Emily loves attending garage sales; she buys hundreds of trinkets and toys each weekend. In addition, she cannot throw away any of her old bills, receipts or junk mail. As a result of collecting these items over many years, Emily's house is nearly unlivable because it is piled with belongings with which she change. cannot seem to part. She is having problems with her family and is distressed by her behavior but cannot seem to change. What disorder is being presented?

Hoarding

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness occurs when an individual has an incongruent self-concept resulting in a large difference between one's real and ideal self. Individuals who do not receive unconditional positive regard or acceptance are especially vulnerable to mental illness. Being blocked from achieving the goal of reaching one's full potential may also lead to abnormal behavior. Humanism focuses more on human potential and self-actualizing than on the origins of psychological disorders.

Humanist

Tyler finds a new freckle on his skin while applying suntan lotion to prevent skin cancer. He convinces himself that this is an indication that he already has skin cancer and because the freckle may have been there for some time, he believes the cancer is in stage 3 or 4. He disregards the fact that this could simply be a new freckle. Tyler has only one symptom and extremely high levels of anxiety.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

As a baby, Charlie resisted being held and showed no interest in human stimulation. Usually passive, he sometimes played with his wind-up toys, but did not respond to his name being called and showed outbursts of temper if someone moved even one of his little cars from where he had placed it.

Autistic Spectrum Disorder

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness is acquired and maintained through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational or social learning. Abnormal behaviors that are reinforced will likely persist. Many treatment techniques have been based on the behavioral approach. Modern psychologists frequently combine the behavioral and cognitive perspectives.

Behaviorist

Edward believes that he is losing his hair, he is concerned that this makes him unattractive and be obsesses over his midlife hair loss. Those who know Edward cannot see any change in his hair and assure him that he looks great, despite their reassurances; he always wears a baseball cap and is looking into a hair transplant. He spends large amounts of time worrying about his hair and other physical flaws he thinks he has that others do not notice. Edward is extremely upset and agitated as a result of these concerns and has trouble concentrating. What disorder is being presented?

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Shannon's moods seem to swing abruptly, and she often seems unable to control her impulses. She has had many sexual encounters, dropping potential boyfriends before they drop her. She often complains of boredom, though she is seldom alone. She gets caught up in very intense, stormy relationships. Her friends are on edge around her often bickering among themselves after spending time alone with Shannon.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Dr. Phillips has been dealing with a depressed patient who has low self-esteem. Her parents were incredibly critical of her and she felt that they would only love her if she did everything perfectly. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Humanist

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness is the result of abnormalities in the brain and nervous system. This may include imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as structural problems in the brain. The biological perspective associates mental illness with genetic, physiological, or neurological factors symptoms, which can be treated using medical methods including drugs.

Biological /Biomedical

Leila takes forever to dress and get to work, often arriving late. She is very worried that if she does not complete her rituals that something terrible will happen to her brother. She must shower twice, brush her hair for 400 strokes, dress from her feet upward, eat a green apple, and put on her make-up following an exact sequence. If she misses a step, or is interrupted, she must begin again. If she cannot complete her rituals she feels extremely stressed. What disorder is being presented?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Loss of interest in typically enjoyable activities. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

Current research suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorders are not related to fear circuits in the brain, but instead involve a neural circuit involving the thalamus. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Biological /Biomedical

Dr. Wu has been investigating the impact of high levels of norepinephrine as it relates to episodes of mania. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Biological /Biomedical

Karen believes that the main cause of schizophrenia is a thalamus that is too small, which may misdirect incoming sensory messages, resulting in hallucinations. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Biological /Biomedical

Leila takes forever to dress and get to work, often arriving late. She must shower twice, brush her had 400 strokes, dress from her feet upward, eat an apple, put on her make-up following an exact sequence. If she misses a step, or is interrupted, she must begin again.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

While teaching her class one day, Theresa suddenly begins having difficulty breathing. Her heart starts pounding wildly, and she feels weak and dizzy. She feels as if she's having a heart attack and is honestly afraid that she's going to die in the next minute or two. (Assume that Theresa is not actually having a heart attack).

Panic Disorder

Speech that is garbled or lacks logical sense. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Positive

________ Theory for Abnormal Behavior: Mental illness is influenced by ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and societal norms. Certain mental illnesses and symptoms are present across cultures, whereas others are more culture specific. For example, the feeding and eating disorder of anorexia nervosa is more prevalent in Western cultures.

Sociocultural

Sam's friends are starting to worry about him. Normally energetic and fun-loving, Sam has become withdrawn and sullen. He has lost weight, is constantly tired, and hasn't been showing up to lacrosse practice or to his fraternity meetings. In his conversations with others, he expresses feelings of doubt and unworthiness, and seems to be entertaining suicidal thoughts.

Major Depression Disorder

Extreme rigidity or lack of movement (catatonic immobility). This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

Feelings of apathy or not caring about what happens. This symptom is often associated with someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia and can be labeled as (positive or negative).

Negative

A 27-year-old man has an intense fear of needles. He tries to rationalize his fear by explaining that he is just being cautious and protecting himself from acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). He realizes that his fear is irrational but is unable to control it. The patient has fainted twice in the past when his blood was drawn during a physical examination. He becomes extremely anxious at the sight of a needle and worries for days before an appointment with his physician or dentist. He worries about this all the time and is extremely distressed.

Specific Phobia

Charlotte had been ill for years; she had a live in nurse to whom she had become very close. When Charlotte was feeling well enough, they would go to lunch or to the park and when she was not feeling well they would play cards or just watch television. Essentially, except for vacations and a few long weekends, the two had not left each other's side for years. Last fall, Charlotte fell down her front stairs. The caretaker immediately called the paramedics and stayed with Charlotte until they arrived, Charlotte eventually passed away from her injuries. The caregiver is mourning the loss of her friend but replays the event in her head over and over trying to find something that she could have done differently. She has not been able to take another job because she now questions her competency as a caregiver. What disorder is being presented?

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

The behavior of a patient who displays frequent angry outbursts is explained by her therapist as having an overactive id that their ego cannot manage. Which theory of abnormal behavior best explains the statement?

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

A 36-year-old man and his young son were driving through an intersection when another car ran through a red traffic light and struck them. The two were trapped in the car until a fire department rescue team freed them. The man was bruised but not seriously hurt. His son had a broken leg. A few days after the accident he began having recurrent distressing thoughts and images of the accident. The patient became irritable, easily startled, had difficulty concentrating, and avoided talking about the accident. These symptoms lasted for a couple of weeks but less than one month. What disorder is being presented?

Acute Stress Disorder

Joan has seen several specialists and undergone numerous diagnostic tests to determine the cause of her recurring headaches and episodes of dizziness. The doctors are perplexed and can seem to find no physiological cause for Joan's symptoms.

Illness Anxiety Disorder