Ch 16 biology

Important for attracting pollinators

Petals

This type of life cycle, in which the gametophyte and sporophyte take turns producing each other, is called....

alternation of generations

The cell walls of many of the cells in vascular tissue are hardened by a chemical called ____________

lignin

Structural adaptations necessary to deal with new medium, _______ .Roots .Shoots .Stomata and waxy cuticle .Ligin

Air

Structural adaptations to deal with ______ -Vascular tissue .Xylem .Phloem

Air

Flowering seed plants; everything from grass to giant trees

Angiosperms

liverwarts and mosses

Bryophytes

Consists of the stalk-like style with ovary at base and sticky stigma at top to trap pollen

Carpel

Refined adaptations to life on land -Vascular tissue refinements for efficient transport -Evolution of the flower

Characteristics of angiosperms

Adaptations for life on land .Waxy cuticle that prevents dehydration .Gametangia to protect developing embryos Limitations .Need water to reproduce (sperms are flagellated .No vascular tissue (or lignin), so are short and limited to moist environments

Characteristics of bryophytes

Adaptations for life on land .waxy cuticle .Gametangia .Vascular tissue Limitations .Need water to reproduce

Characteristics of ferns

Adaptations for life on land -Further reduction of gametophyte .multicellular but tiny, live in cones and are dependent on sporophyte -Pollen .tiny male gametophyte for air dispersal .Released dependence on water for reproduction -Seeds .Developed from ovules on the scales of female cones

Characteristics of gymnosperms

Green algae most closely related to the first plants -__________________ in particular, according to molecular evidence .Multicellular green algae .Live in environments subject to occasional dry periods .Possess some adaptations useful for life on land

Charophytes

Flowers -_____________ reproductive structure

Complex

Seeds -Protected plant __________

Embryos

Seedless plants

Ferns

Types of vascular plants

Ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

-Pollen from anther (usually of different plant) sticks to stigma (tip of carpel) -Pollen grain germinates and sends tube down to ovule contained within the ovary -Two sperm nuclei are deposited in female gametophyte, one to fertilize the egg and one to fertilize the endosperm .Double fertilizations synchronizes development of embryo and food reserves within the ovule -The ovule becomes a seed and the ovary becomes the fruit

Fertilization in Angiosperms

Short stem with four "whorls" of modified leaves -Sepals -Petals -Stamen -Carpel

Flowers

Jacket of protective cells surrounding moist chamber in which gametes develop .In female structures the eggs are fertilized and zygote develops into embryo

Gametangia

non-flowering seed plants; conifders, ginkgos, cycads

Gymnosperms

Chemical that hardens cell walls

Ligin

-Symbiotic associations of fungi and roots .Fungi absorb water and nutrients from soil and provide plant .Plant provides sugars to feed fungi

Mycorrhizae

Living cells that transport sugars

Phloem

a multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land

Plant

Specialized gametangia in some plants for dispersal in male gamete in air

Pollen

the much-reduced male gametophyte; it houses cells that will develop into sperm

Pollen grain

anchor plant and absorb materials from soil

Roos

-Marine algae -Three main types .Green, red, and brown -Look/grow like plants, but more closely related to single celled protists

Seaweeds

Enclose the flower before it opens

Sepals

Support leaves

Shoots

a haploid cell that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell. Usually have tough coats that enable them to survive in harsh environments

Spores

Filament (stalk) plus anther (male organ on which pollen develops

Stamen

Exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2CO2) and oxygen (O2O2) between the atmosphere and the photosynthetic interior of a leaf occurs via ________

Stomata

Prevent water loss

Stomata and waxy cuticle

Four major highlights in plant evolution

The origin of plants from aquatic ancestor; diversification of vascular plants; seeds; flowers

Gametophytes: the green, spongy portion .Cells are haploid; produce gametes that fuse to form sporophytes Sporophytes: a stalk and capsule growing out of the gametophyte .Cells are diploid; produce spores that grow into gametophytes

Two distinct forms of byrophytes

all plants other than bryophyes

Vascular plants

Transport of materials

Vascular tissue

Why are ferns able to grow taller than mosses?

Vascular tissue hardened with lignin allows ferns to stand taller and transport nutrients farther.

Dead cells that transport water and minerals

Xylem

What distinguishes plants from other multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes?

adaptations for living on land

A fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower. Thus, fruits are produced only by _____________

angiosperms

The fourth major episode in the evolutionary history of plants was the emergence of flowering plants, or ______________ ("contained seeds"), at least 140 million years ago. The flower is a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds within protective chambers called ovaries. This contrasts with the naked seeds of gymnosperms. The great majority of living plants—some 250,000 species—are angiosperms, including all our fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, and most trees.

angiosperms

are also eukaryotic, multicellular organisms but are not photosynthetic

animals and fungi

Name some adaptations of plants for living on land.

any of the following: cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, lignin-hardened cell walls, protected gametes and embryos, and differentiation of the body into aerial shoots and subterranean roots

After plants originated from an algal ancestor approximately 470 million years ago, early diversification gave rise to nonvascular plants, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These plants, called____________, lack true roots and leaves. Bryophytes also lack lignin, the wall-hardening material that enables other plants to stand tall. Without lignified cell walls, bryophytes have weak upright support. The most familiar bryophytes are mosses. A mat of moss actually consists of many plants growing in a tight pack, holding one another up. Structures that protect the gametes and embryos are a terrestrial adaptation that originated in bryophytes.

bryophytes

Name the four major groups of plants. Name an example of each.

bryophytes (mosses), seedless vascular plants (ferns), gymnosperms (conifers), angiosperms (plants that produce fruits and vegetables)

The earliest plants probably closely resembled modern day _____.

charophytes

Pines, firs, spruces, junipers, cedars, and redwoods are all __________

conifers

A waxy layer called the ___________ coats the leaves and other aerial parts of most plants, helping the plant body retain water

cuticle

Mosses display two of the key terrestrial adaptations that made the move onto land possible: (1) a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration and (2) the retention of developing embryos within the female plant. However, mosses are not totally liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat. Mosses need water to reproduce because their sperm need to swim to reach eggs located within the female plant. In addition, because most mosses have no vascular tissue to carry water from soil to aerial parts of the plant, they need to live in _________ places.

damp

The sporophyte is made up of ___________ cells (with two chromosome sets). sporophytes produce spores

diploid

The second period of plant evolution, which began about 425 million years ago, was the diversification of plants with vascular tissue. The presence of conducting tissues hardened with lignin allowed vascular plants to grow much taller, rising above the ground to achieve significant height. The earliest vascular plants lacked seeds. Today, this seedless condition is retained by ___________ and a few other groups of vascular plants.

ferns

Like coal, oil and natural gas also formed from the remains of long-dead organisms; thus, all three are known as __________ ___________

fossil fuels

If you examine a mat of moss closely, you can see two distinct forms of the plant. The green, sponge like plant that is the more obvious is called the....

gametophyte

Bryophytes, like all plants, have a life cycle that involves an alternation of generations. What are the two generations called? Which generation dominates in bryophytes?

gametophyte, sporophyte; gametophyte

The third major period of plant evolution began with the origin of the seed about 360 million years ago. Seeds advanced the colonization of land by further protecting plant embryos from drying and other hazards. A seed consists of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective covering. The seeds of early seed plants were not enclosed in any specialized chambers. These plants gave rise to the ____________ ("naked seeds"). Today, the most widespread and diverse gymnosperms are the conifers, consisting mainly of cone-bearing trees, such as pines.

gymnosperms

Whereas _______________ supply most of our lumber and paper, angiosperms supply nearly all of our food

gymnosperms

The cells of the gametophyte are _________ they have one set of chromosomes. Gametophytes produce gametes

haploid

Seedless plants, including _______ and __________, disperse their offspring as spores rather than as multicellular seeds.

mosses; ferns

This mechanism for sperm transfer contrasts with the swimming sperm of _________ and _______.

mosses; ferns

These root-fungus combinations, called ____________ ("fungus roots"), enlarge the root's functional surface area

mycorrhizae

The origin of plants from aquatic ancestor .Diversification of ___________ plants

nonvascular

structures that contain the female gametophytes

ovules

In the case of conifers, ____________, the delivery of pollen from the male parts of a plant to the female parts of a plant, occurs via wind

pollination

anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil

roots

In _________ plants, the use of tough, airborne pollen that carries sperm-producing cells to the egg is a terrestrial adaptation that led to even greater success and diversity of plants on land.

seed

What are the four main parts of a flower? Where do pollen grains develop? Where do eggs develop?

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels; in the anther within the stamen; in the ovary within the carpel

Aboveground, ________ are organ systems that consist of photosynthetic leaves supported by stems.

shoots

If you examine a mat of moss closely, you can see two distinct forms of the plant. Careful examination will reveal the other form of the moss, called a _____________, growing out of a gametophyte as a stalk with a capsule at its tip

sporophyte

Diversification of vascular plants -Conducting tissues for water and nutrient ___________

transport

There are _________ types of vascular tissue. One type is specialized for transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves, and the other distributes sugars from the leaves to the roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant. Vascular tissue also solved the problem of structural support on land.

two

To transport vital materials between roots and shoots, most plants have ___________ _______, a network of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant

vascular tissue

Gametophytes produce gametes that unite to form _________, which develop into new sporophytes. And sporophytes produce spores that give rise to new gametophytes. Thus, genetic information flows through alternating generations

zygotes