Module 3 - Memory
chunking/clustering
memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning
Retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
memory consolidation
active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory
What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?
Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, enen with this loss you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learnign and classical conditioning)
misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.
Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency-for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfest today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend int he supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.
short-term memory (STM)
also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
memory construction
Occurs during retrieval. Memory is a construct of the mind and therefore can be updated with new info and experiences.
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
automatic
The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
recongnition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
elaborative rehearsal
a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
recall
accessing information without cues
peg-word system
associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.)
elaborative rehearsal
association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
____________ is known as encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.
automatic processing
Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of ___________. But what about the actual test material you studied? It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. This is known as ____________.
automatic processing, effortful processing
_________ is the encoding of images, and ______ is the encoding of sounds, words in particular.
visual encoding, acoustic encoding
long-term memory (LTM)
continuous storage of information
__________ is a part of the technique Simon Reinhard uses to rememver huge numbers of digits, but we can all use images to encode information more effectively.
creating imagery
storage
creation of a permanent record of information
there are three types of endocoding
visual, acoustic, elaborative, and semantic
We get information into our brains through a process called ________, which is the input of information into the memory system.
encoding
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
automatic processing:
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
The three functions of memory are________
encoding, storage, and retrieval
our memory has 3 basic functions
encoding, storing, and retrieving information
This physical trace of memory is know as the_______
engram
flashbulb memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a ______
flashbulb memory
stereotypical
having an idea of what a person is like before knowing them, usually a simple judgement
H.M. an American memory disorder patient wheo has a bilateral medical temporal lobectomy to surgically resect the anteriro two thirds of his____________________ is an attempt to cure his epilepsy.
hippocampi, parahippocampal cortices, entorhinal cortices, piriform cortices, and amygdalae
recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
visual encoding
input of images
Encoding
input of information into the memory system
acoustic encoding
input of sounds, words, and music
semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
short-term memory (STM)
is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.
storage
is the creation of a permanent record of information
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
explicit memories
memories we consciously try to remember
Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
inactive
not in use; idle; not active
engram
physical trace of memory
false memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
The process of encoding always involves _____ that is, taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it is a way that we can make sence of it.
recoding
A multiple choice a quiz question will test _______ while an open-ended question will test______
recognition, recall
egocentric
self-centered, selfish
In order for a memory to go into storage it has to pass through three distinct stages:
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term momory
memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.
equipotentiality hypothesis
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Hyperthymesia
superior memory of autobiographical events
memory
system or process that stores what we learn for future use
retroactive
taking effect from a date in the past
mnemonic devices
techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Encoding
the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing.
Proactive
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
encoding specificity principle
the hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
declarative memory:
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
hindsight
understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed