Module 3 - Memory

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chunking/clustering

memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

Retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

memory consolidation

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?

Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, enen with this loss you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learnign and classical conditioning)

misinformation effect paradigm

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.

Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency-for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfest today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend int he supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.

short-term memory (STM)

also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

memory construction

Occurs during retrieval. Memory is a construct of the mind and therefore can be updated with new info and experiences.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

automatic

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

recongnition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

elaborative rehearsal

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

recall

accessing information without cues

peg-word system

associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.)

elaborative rehearsal

association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

____________ is known as encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

automatic processing

Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of ___________. But what about the actual test material you studied? It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. This is known as ____________.

automatic processing, effortful processing

_________ is the encoding of images, and ______ is the encoding of sounds, words in particular.

visual encoding, acoustic encoding

long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

__________ is a part of the technique Simon Reinhard uses to rememver huge numbers of digits, but we can all use images to encode information more effectively.

creating imagery

storage

creation of a permanent record of information

there are three types of endocoding

visual, acoustic, elaborative, and semantic

We get information into our brains through a process called ________, which is the input of information into the memory system.

encoding

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

automatic processing

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

automatic processing:

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

The three functions of memory are________

encoding, storage, and retrieval

our memory has 3 basic functions

encoding, storing, and retrieving information

This physical trace of memory is know as the_______

engram

flashbulb memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a ______

flashbulb memory

stereotypical

having an idea of what a person is like before knowing them, usually a simple judgement

H.M. an American memory disorder patient wheo has a bilateral medical temporal lobectomy to surgically resect the anteriro two thirds of his____________________ is an attempt to cure his epilepsy.

hippocampi, parahippocampal cortices, entorhinal cortices, piriform cortices, and amygdalae

recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

visual encoding

input of images

Encoding

input of information into the memory system

acoustic encoding

input of sounds, words, and music

semantic encoding

input of words and their meaning

short-term memory (STM)

is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.

storage

is the creation of a permanent record of information

relearning

learning information that was previously learned

implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memories

memories we consciously try to remember

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

inactive

not in use; idle; not active

engram

physical trace of memory

false memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

The process of encoding always involves _____ that is, taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it is a way that we can make sence of it.

recoding

A multiple choice a quiz question will test _______ while an open-ended question will test______

recognition, recall

egocentric

self-centered, selfish

In order for a memory to go into storage it has to pass through three distinct stages:

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term momory

memory

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

equipotentiality hypothesis

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Hyperthymesia

superior memory of autobiographical events

memory

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

retroactive

taking effect from a date in the past

mnemonic devices

techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Encoding

the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing.

Proactive

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

encoding specificity principle

the hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

semantic memory

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

episodic memory

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

procedural memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

declarative memory:

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

hindsight

understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed


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