CH 17 Cardiac Function and Assessment

If aldosterone is released, then blood volume Increases Decreases

Increases Aldosterone stimulates sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume.

If kidney perfusion decreases, then renin release Increases Decreases

Increases Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney in response to low blood flow and pressure to the kidneys.

If capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, then the likelihood of edema Increases Decreases

Increases Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure within a capillary. As capillaries are "leaky," higher fluid pressure inside the capillary results in more fluid leaking out of the capillary.

If blood pressure decreases, then the ADH levels Increases Decreases

Increases Low blood pressure stimulates the release of ADH, which decreases urine output and increases water retention. Increasing fluid volume in the body helps to maintain blood pressure.

If nitric oxide increases, then vasodilation Increases Decreases

Increases Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator. Nitroglycerin tablets may be used to dilate coronary arteries when the individual experiences chest pain

If preload increases within a normal range, then stroke volume Increases Decreases

Increases Preload refers to the volume of blood filling the heart before it contracts. To a certain point, the more the heart is filled with blood the more it is able to eject.

If venous return increases, then preload Increases Decreases

Increases Venous return is the amount of blood returning to the heart. The more blood returning to the heart, the more the heart is filled, known as preload.

If blood pressure decreases, then compensatory measures cause heart rate to Increase Decrease

Increase The baroreceptors in the aorta and carotids monitor blood pressure. When they detect a fall in blood pressure, they activate the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn stimulates heart rate to compensate for the pressure drop.

Which of the following would cause an increase in aldosterone? Select all that apply. Hypertension Hypotension Increased renin Increased angiotensin Decreased blood volume

Increased renin Increased angiotensin Decreased blood volume Hypotension

If angiotensin II increases, then aldosterone Increases Decreases

Increases Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Which term refers to the heart's force of contraction? Preload Chronotropic function Afterload Contractility

Contractility

If angiotensin II is inhibited, then vasoconstriction Increases Decreases

Decreases Angiotensin II, part of the RAAS, is a potent vasoconstrictor.

A young patient has suffered a significant amount of blood loss in an auto accident. Which of the following would you expect to observe in this patient? Select all that apply. Decreased urine output Increased renin secretion Decreased anti-diuretic hormone Hypertension Increased heart rate

increased HR increased Renin secretion

Heart failure may result from which of the following? Select all that apply. Ischemic injury to the heart Dysrhythmias Increased contractility Chronic hypoxia Hypertension

ischemic injury to the heart dysrhythmias hypertension chronic hypoxia

Which term indicates the volume of blood entering the heart at the end of diastole? Contractility Ejection fraction Afterload Preload

Preload

Which of the following responses are instituted by the body to compensate for low blood pressure? Select all that apply. Increased urine output Increased afterload Activation of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system Decreased sodium and water retention Increased blood volume

Activation of RAAS Increased blood volume

Everett has experienced increasing blood pressure over the past 2 years. Which cardiac factor indicates the increased work experienced by Everett's heart? Preload Afterload Stroke volume Contractility

Afterload

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. Cardiac output= heart rate/stroke volume Heart failure and cardiac arrest are synonymous. Increased hydrostatic pressure increases the risk of edema. Chronotropic agents affect HR. Cardiac output is influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Chronotropic agents affect HR CO is influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic

If blood volume decreases, then blood pressure may Increase Decrease

Decrease Blood volume and blood pressure are closely related. If there is not enough fluid in the circulatory system, pressure may fall.

Which of the following may adversely affect heart performance? Select all that apply. Increased calcium levels in the heart Increased contractility Increased afterload Decreased blood volume Decreased preload

Decreased preload Decreased blood volume

If afterload increases, then stroke volume Increases Decreases

Decreases Afterload is the resistance the heart must work against. The greater the resistance, the less blood the heart is able to

A patient appears with hypotension. Which of the following may contribute to hypotension? Increased sodium and water reabsorption Increased cardiac output Reduced blood volume Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Reduced blood volume