CH. 17-Endocrine System

In signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activate by a _______. a) Phosphodiesterase b) phospholipase C c) Protein kinase d) G Protein

d) G protein

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following? (Select all that apply) a) Activation of enzymatic pathways b) Growth c) Genetic Mutations d) Increased secretions

a) Activation of enzyme pathways b) Growth d) Increased secretions

In a signal transduction pathway, activated G proteins can activate which of the following enzyme? (Select all that apply) a) Adenylate cyclase b) Phosphodiesterase c) Phospholipase C d) Transducin e) Adenylate Kinase

a) Adenylate cyclase c) Phospholipase C

The testes produce the male sex hormones called ________, many of which are converted into testosterone. a) Androgens b) Corticosteroids c) Steroids d) Glucocorticoids

a) Androgens

Which are the structural classes of hormones? (Select all that apply) a) Biogenic Amine b) Protein c) Quaternary ammonium compound d) Steroid e) Glucocorticoid f) Catecholamine

a) Biogenic amine b) Protein d) Steroid

The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following? (select all that apply) a) Controlling metabolism b) Controlling skeletal muscle contraction c) Regulating blood composition d) Overseeing reproductive functions e) Overseeing short term reflexes

a) Controlling metabolism c) Regulating blood composition d) Overseeing reproductive functions

Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids? (select all that apply) a) Leukotrienes b) Prostaglandins c) Thromboxanes d) Catecholamines e) Glycoproteins

a) Leukotrienes b) Prostaglandins c) Thromboxanes

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following? (Select all that apply) a) Muscle contraction b) Increased permeability of the cell membrane c) Increased crossing over in meiosis I d) Degradation of the nuclear membrane e) Cell lysis

a) Muscle contraction b) Increased permeability of the cell membrane

What is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system? (Select all that apply) a) Muscle mass b) GH levels c) Blood sugar levels d) Sodium retention e) Abdominal weight gain f) Sex hormone levels

a) Muscle mass b) GH levels f) Sex hormone levels *The secretory activity of endocrine glands typically wanes as we age. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions, and often normal levels of hormone decrease. *Not abdominal weight gain because that isn't reduced, but it occurs.

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? (select all that apply) a) Neural b) Pressure c) Temporal d) Humoral e) Mechanical f) Hormonal

a) Neural d) Humoral f) Hormonal

Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell's receptor found ________. a) On the surface of the plasma membrane b) In the cytosol c) On the cytosol side of the plasma membrane d) In the nucleus

a) On the surface of the plasma membrane

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal _____ system. a) Portal b) Tract c) Synapse d) byway

a) Portal

Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream. (select all that apply) a) Filtered out by the spleen b) Broken down in the small intestine c) Degradation by enzyme d) Recycled by the liver e) Excretion by the kidneys

c) Degradation by enzymes e) Excretion by the kidneys

What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone? a) Elimination and continuation b) Synthesis and continuation c) Synthesis and elimination d) Elimination and regeneration

c) Synthesis and elimination

Regions of the adrenal cortex producing hormones: Put them in the order according the region (A, B, C): -Mineralocorticoids -Gonadocorticoids -Glucocorticoids

A) Mineralocorticoids B) Glucocorticoids C) Gonadocorticoids

Aging _____ the efficiency of the endocrine system functions. a) Reduces b) Enhances c) Does not alter

A) Reduces

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _________. a) adenohypophysis b) pars nervosa c) neurohypophysis d) infundibulum e) pars intermedia

A) adenohypophysis

An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as ______.

Acromegaly

An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as _________

Acromegaly

The paired triangular _______ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney

Adrenal

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ______ and ______ systems a) Integumentary, immune b) Skeletal, muscular c) Circulatory, respiratory d) Reproductive, urinary

B) Skeletal, muscular

If a target cell is continually stimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has through ____regulation.

Down

True or false: An excess of growth hormone cause result in pituitary dwarfism and extraordinary height of up to 8 feet

False

True or false: Melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adults

False

True or false: A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body.

False; a specific hormone generally has different types of target cells

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ______, _______ and _____ enlarge and widen.

Feet, face, and hands

In signal transduction pathways, once a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it can activate a complex called the ______ protein.

G

When the hypothalamus releases _______, the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone

GHRH

Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ______ hormone production

Growth

The endocrine system release chemical messengers called ______ into the blood stream.

Hormones

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system shunts blood and regulatory hormones directly from the _______ to the _________.

Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland

The condition known as ________ hypothyroidism results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone.

Hypothyroidism

What is the order of events for lipid-soluble binding and what does it cause: (random order, put in correct) -Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element -mRNA is translated into a new protein -Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor -mRNA is synthesized

Lipid-soluble hormone binding to intracellular receptor and it leads to protein synthesis 1) Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2) Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element 3) mRNA is synthesized 4) mRNA is translated into a new protein

Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered ______ hormone.

Local

The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the _______ sensitive it is to that hormone.

More

The ______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus.

Posterior

The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and released by the ________ __________. a) Anterior pituitary b) Adrenal cortex c) Adrenal Medulla d) Posterior Pituitary

Posterior pituitary

True or False: Insulin promotes lipid storage

True

True or False: One advantage of signal transduction pathways is that binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell

True

True or False: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.

True

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? (Select all that apply) a) Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland b) Stimulates the gonads to create gametes c) Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormone d) Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

a) Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland d) Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus directly target and control the __________. a) Posterior pituitary gland b) Anterior pituitary gland c) Adrenal cortex d) Adrenal medulla

b) Anterior pituitary gland

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ________ stimulation. a) Holocrine b) Autocrine c) Paracrine d) Merocrine

b) Autocrine

The Endocrine System has many functions including ____________. (select all that apply) a) Producing neurotransmitters b) Controlling movement of food through the digestive tract c) Regulating blood ions concentrations d) Maintaining blood volume e) Receiving sensory information from the environment

b) Controlling movement of food through the digestive tract c) Regulating blood ions concentrations d) Maintaining blood volume

The anterior pituitary gland controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the __________. a) Posterior pituitary gland b) Hypothalamus c) Adrenal cortex d) Thalamus

b) Hypothalamus

Once activated by G proteins, phospholipase C creates DAG and IP3, which are considered to be two ______ messengers. a) Third b) Second c) First d) Fourth

b) Second