CH 17 Endocrine system

All type ___ diabetics require daily injection of insulin.

1

The posterior pituitary gland releases ____ hormones.

2

Place the events in order: 1.) adrenal cortex releases cortisol; 2.) hypothalamus releases CRH; 3.) anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH

2, 3, 1

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ____ distinct groups

3

The hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids is _____.

ACTH

When the hypothalamus releases ____, the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone.

GHRH

____ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women.

Gestational

If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?

Immunosuppression

If a female baby is born with androgenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Increased ACTH, enlarged clitoris

Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite?

Leptin

What are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?

Low metabolic rate, lethargy, a feeling of being cold, weight gain, sluggishness and photophobia

The endocrine system has many function in the human body, what are they?

Regulating development, growth and metabolism; maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume; controlling digestive processes; controlling reproductive activities

Which hormones are lipid soluble?

Steroids, thyroid hormone

Insufficient iodine will result in the anterior pituitary producing an excess of _____.

TSH

____ diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Type 1

An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as _____.

acromegaly

Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

addrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ____.

adenohypophysis

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.

adenohypophysis

The hormone leptin is released by the?

adipose connective tissue

The principal mineralocorticoid is _____

aldosterone

The zona reticularis secretes _____

androgens

The liver releases ____ which will become angiotensin 2

angiotensinogen

Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus directly target and control the ____

anterior pituitary gland

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone _____.

atrial natriuretic peptide

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ____.

atrial naturetic peptide

Elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ____ stimulation

autocrine

If someone has Type 1 diabetes, it is because the ____ cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin.

beta

_____ amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid

biogenic

Both parathyroid hormone and ____ increase blood calcium

calcitriol

Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of?

calcitriol

the ____ cells are the source of the parathyroid hormone, PTH

chief

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from _____

cholesterol

The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as ____

corticosteroids

Chronic inflammation is often treated with the glucocorticoid called _____?

corticosterone

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ____?

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

____ syndrome is characterized by obesity, especially in the face (called "moon face") and back (called "buffalo hump").

cushing

If a rat is hypophysectomized (the pituitary gland is removed), cortisol levels will ?

decrease

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or ______

decreased insulin effectiveness

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or____.

decreased insulin effectiveness

The hormone secreted by the kidneys is __?

erythropoietin

The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which function?

erythropoietin; increase red blood cell numbers

In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____

estrogen

T or F: melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adults

false

T or F: the posterior pituitary gland produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH

false

The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ____

fasciculata

The stage of exhaustion

fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ___, ___, and ____ enlarge and widen.

feet, face, hands

Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary ____

gigantism

The zona ____ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

glomerulosa

Addison disease occurs when there is a chronic shortage of ___ in the body.

glucocorticoids

what class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?

glucocorticoids

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is _____.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ___ hormone production.

growth

The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called _____ into the blood stream

hormones

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ____?

hypothalamus

The master control center of the endocrine system is the _____.

hypothalamus

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system shunts blood and regulatory hormones directly from the ___ to the ___.

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland

The condition known as ___ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone.

hypothyroidism

The thymus is relatively large in__?

infants

The ____ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

infundibulum

What are the types of regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

inhibiting and releasing

Goiters result from an ____ amount of dietary ____ needed to produce TH.

insufficient; iodine

Growth hormone is considered a tropic hormone because it stimulates the ___ to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2.

liver

Which organ produces angiotensinogen?

liver

What hormones are considered gonadotropins?

luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will experience ____

mascularization

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in the region of the adrenal gland called the adrenal _____

medulla

MSH stand for ____ stimulating hormone

melanocyte

The hormone ____ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)

melatonin

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ___?

melatonin

The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ____ cells because they secrete hormones

neurosecretory

Which hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The ____ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid

Which gland is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

parathyroid gland

An example of a peptide hormone is ____

parathyroid hormone

The ____ gland is an endocrine gland that is found in the epithalamus of the brain

pineal

The ____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus

pituitary

What are the actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland; producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland

In females, ____ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.

prolactin

What are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

The class of hormones called ___ hormones are formed from chairs of amino acids

protein

Atrial naturetic peptide (ANP) produced by the heart has which of the following functions?

regulates blood Na levels and blood volume

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ____ and ____ systems.

skeletal and muscular

Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin?

small intestine

The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different _____

steroid hormones

Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?

supraoptic, paraventricular

The stages of stress response in chronological order

the alarm reaction the stage of resistance the stage of exhaustion

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into ____.

the bloodstream

The stage of resistance

the endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves

The alarm reaction

the sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called:

thyrotropin

The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland are connected via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal _____

tract

T or F: goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease.

true

T or F: tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.

true

T or F: when the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.

true

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet ___".

urine