CH 17 Endocrine system
All type ___ diabetics require daily injection of insulin.
1
The posterior pituitary gland releases ____ hormones.
2
Place the events in order: 1.) adrenal cortex releases cortisol; 2.) hypothalamus releases CRH; 3.) anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH
2, 3, 1
Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ____ distinct groups
3
The hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids is _____.
ACTH
When the hypothalamus releases ____, the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone.
GHRH
____ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women.
Gestational
If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?
Immunosuppression
If a female baby is born with androgenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?
Increased ACTH, enlarged clitoris
Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite?
Leptin
What are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?
Low metabolic rate, lethargy, a feeling of being cold, weight gain, sluggishness and photophobia
The endocrine system has many function in the human body, what are they?
Regulating development, growth and metabolism; maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume; controlling digestive processes; controlling reproductive activities
Which hormones are lipid soluble?
Steroids, thyroid hormone
Insufficient iodine will result in the anterior pituitary producing an excess of _____.
TSH
____ diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 1
An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as _____.
acromegaly
Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
addrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ____.
adenohypophysis
The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.
adenohypophysis
The hormone leptin is released by the?
adipose connective tissue
The principal mineralocorticoid is _____
aldosterone
The zona reticularis secretes _____
androgens
The liver releases ____ which will become angiotensin 2
angiotensinogen
Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus directly target and control the ____
anterior pituitary gland
Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone _____.
atrial natriuretic peptide
Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ____.
atrial naturetic peptide
Elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ____ stimulation
autocrine
If someone has Type 1 diabetes, it is because the ____ cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin.
beta
_____ amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
biogenic
Both parathyroid hormone and ____ increase blood calcium
calcitriol
Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of?
calcitriol
the ____ cells are the source of the parathyroid hormone, PTH
chief
Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from _____
cholesterol
The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as ____
corticosteroids
Chronic inflammation is often treated with the glucocorticoid called _____?
corticosterone
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ____?
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
____ syndrome is characterized by obesity, especially in the face (called "moon face") and back (called "buffalo hump").
cushing
If a rat is hypophysectomized (the pituitary gland is removed), cortisol levels will ?
decrease
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or ______
decreased insulin effectiveness
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or____.
decreased insulin effectiveness
The hormone secreted by the kidneys is __?
erythropoietin
The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which function?
erythropoietin; increase red blood cell numbers
In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____
estrogen
T or F: melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adults
false
T or F: the posterior pituitary gland produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH
false
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ____
fasciculata
The stage of exhaustion
fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ___, ___, and ____ enlarge and widen.
feet, face, hands
Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary ____
gigantism
The zona ____ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex
glomerulosa
Addison disease occurs when there is a chronic shortage of ___ in the body.
glucocorticoids
what class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?
glucocorticoids
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is _____.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ___ hormone production.
growth
The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called _____ into the blood stream
hormones
The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ____?
hypothalamus
The master control center of the endocrine system is the _____.
hypothalamus
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system shunts blood and regulatory hormones directly from the ___ to the ___.
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland
The condition known as ___ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone.
hypothyroidism
The thymus is relatively large in__?
infants
The ____ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
What are the types of regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?
inhibiting and releasing
Goiters result from an ____ amount of dietary ____ needed to produce TH.
insufficient; iodine
Growth hormone is considered a tropic hormone because it stimulates the ___ to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2.
liver
Which organ produces angiotensinogen?
liver
What hormones are considered gonadotropins?
luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will experience ____
mascularization
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in the region of the adrenal gland called the adrenal _____
medulla
MSH stand for ____ stimulating hormone
melanocyte
The hormone ____ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)
melatonin
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ___?
melatonin
The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ____ cells because they secrete hormones
neurosecretory
Which hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The ____ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid
Which gland is not controlled by the hypothalamus?
parathyroid gland
An example of a peptide hormone is ____
parathyroid hormone
The ____ gland is an endocrine gland that is found in the epithalamus of the brain
pineal
The ____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus
pituitary
What are the actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?
producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland; producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland
In females, ____ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
prolactin
What are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?
prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
The class of hormones called ___ hormones are formed from chairs of amino acids
protein
Atrial naturetic peptide (ANP) produced by the heart has which of the following functions?
regulates blood Na levels and blood volume
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ____ and ____ systems.
skeletal and muscular
Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin?
small intestine
The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different _____
steroid hormones
Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?
supraoptic, paraventricular
The stages of stress response in chronological order
the alarm reaction the stage of resistance the stage of exhaustion
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into ____.
the bloodstream
The stage of resistance
the endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves
The alarm reaction
the sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called:
thyrotropin
The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland are connected via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal _____
tract
T or F: goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease.
true
T or F: tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.
true
T or F: when the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.
true
The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet ___".
urine
