Ch. 19

The rulers of Benin did all of the following except:

Actively resisted the encroachment of Portuguese cultural values.

With __________ inhabitants in the sixteenth century, the capital of Kongo, M'banza, was comparable in size to many European cities at the time.

60,000

The unequal relations between Tutsi cattle breeders and ______ farmers froze into a caste system during the nineteenth-century colonial occupation.

Hutu

Nzinga Mbemba, also known as Afonso I, was the ruler of

Kongo

Portuguese mariners initially sailed up the Congo River in the 1480s in hopes of:

Linking up with Prester John, who could help with the conquest of Jerusalem.

Ships leaving from their home ports in Bristol and _________ would exchange manufactured goods and household wares for slaves in West Africa.

Liverpool

Between 1434 and 1472, through a combination of private and public expeditions, _________ mariners explored the African coast as far east as the Bight of Benin.

Portuguese

The resourceful Queen ________ of Ndongo sometimes negotiated with the Portuguese and fought guerilla campaigns against them at others.

Nzinga

The memoir of the former slave and abolitionist __________ would help push the movement of liberating slaves forward in the nineteenth century.

Olaudah Equiano

In the 1440s, Portuguese mariners raided the West African coast in the __________ region for slaves.

Senegambia

By some estimates, there were more ________ slave uprisings involving 10 or more slaves during the four centuries of Atlantic slavery.

250

All of the following is true of indentured laborers EXCEPT:

Indenture was abandoned because African slaves quickly proved a better source of labor.

Barbados was settled initially in 1627 by English planters, who grew tobacco, cotton, indigo, and ginger, employing English and Irish ____________.

Indentured laborers

African rulers sold slaves to the Europeans as:

Luxury items to be exchanged for other luxury items.

Between the years 1492 and 1888:

More than 250 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean.

Privateers were individual entrepreneurs who were virtually indistinguishable from:

Pirates

In South Central Africa (on the southern side of the rainforest, the eastern part of the southern savanna, and the Great Lakes area of Central Africa):

Protected by their remote location, societies tended to grow in population.

In the seventeenth century, the process of manumission was:

Sometimes followed by the freedman's acquisition of his own slaves.

All of the following are true of the Dutch in Africa EXCEPT:

A Dutch settler society gradually emerged, particularly when they offered a haven to English Catholics seeking refuge.

Some slave-ship captains favored the "tight packing" method, deliberately overcrowding their human cargo on a Middle Passage voyage on the assumption that:

A few more captives might survive than on a ship that was less crowded.

The first slaves sold in the English colonies of North America were:

Captured as a part of the cargo of a Portuguese ship en route to Vera Cruz, Mexico.

__________ would have been destroyed in a Muslim holy war had it not been for the timely arrival of a Portuguese fleet with artillery and musketeers in 1541.

Ethiopia

Documents concerning the slave ship Sally, 1765, demonstrate that only the southern colonies participated in the slave trade.

False

Around 1750, there were about 10,000 Boers (Dutch for "_______") in the Cape Colony, easily outnumbered by slaves.

Farmers

___________ was an African empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries:

Songhay

An example of a Creole language that has survived for centuries is Gullah, used by the isolated communities along the coastal islands of Georgia and _______.

South Carolina

_______ was the only North American colony, and later state, in which African Americans outnumbered those of European descent.

South Carolina

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that:

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible.

The Atlantic system or the "_________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe.

Triangular

The account of Abd al-Rahman al-Saadi, concerning the scholars of Timbuktu, indicates that Islam already had extensive influence in many African kingdoms by the mid-1600s.

True

Trade between Europeans and Africans during the period 1500 to 1800:

Was generally an exchange of luxury goods rather than basic necessities, geared toward enhancing elite power through a display of conspicuous consumption.

The indigo plant, which _____________, contributed to a booming economy in South Carolina starting in the 1740s.

Was processed into a dye

All of the following is true of the trade between Portuguese mariners and the kingdom of Benin EXCEPT:

When a later king ordered the halt of the slave trade, the Portuguese agreed, and turned to European sources of labor.

The following order is correct:

1. First African slaves land in Hispaniola; 2. First African slaves land in Brazil; 3. First African slaves in England's North American colonies; 4. Proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina.

In the Kongolese belief system, Portuguese Catholicism was:

Adapted to the indigenous African spiritual and cultural heritage.

Recent scholarship suggests that a key formative element in the development of culture and identity of Africans in the Americas lay in the influence of the:

Central African Creoles from Kongo and Ndongo

The slaveowners' greatest fear was:

That a slave revolt would begin and spread

The United States Supreme Court "Dred Scott Decision" ruled:

That black African slaves "had no rights which a white man was bound to respect".

All of the following were true of Ethiopia in the 15th and 16th centuries EXCEPT:

The Ottoman Empire at first aided Adal, but eventually retreated when faced by Ethiopian determination and Portuguese military might.

The popularity of rum promoted:

The expansion of sugar planting and slavery, to their peak after 1750

All of the following are true of the system of slavery in the Americas EXCEPT:

The greatest number of slaves was imported into the southern part of the United States.

"Mercantilism" is a political/economic theory that holds that:

The security of a nation depends on the supply of precious metals it controls.

All of the following is true of the Carolina colony EXCEPT:

The settlers there realized very quickly that Native Americans were not a viable source of slaves.

James Oglethorpe's vision for the colony of Georgia included all of the following except:

An adoption of native Creek patterns of interaction with the natural environment.

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property.

All of the following are true of the Americas soon after the Spanish arrived EXCEPT:

As many Europeans died from American diseases as Americans from European diseases.

In contrast to their counterparts in West Africa, the Fur and Funj federations between Lake Chad and the Nile ____________

B. Were fully converted to Islam, from the royal clans down to the commoners

The ruler Ewuare was the first to rise to dominance over chiefs (azuma) and assume the title of king (obo) over _________.

Benin

Although the precise number of Africans transported to the Americas in the slave trade is difficult to determine, nearly half of the total were sent to ________.

Brazil

As part of the African ________, Africans moved to nearly all parts of the Americas primarily as a result of the transatlantic slave trade.

Diaspora

The Moroccan sultans who invaded the Songhay Empire in 1591 had recently:

Driven the Portuguese from their Atlantic coast and worried about similar incursions elsewhere.

After the defeat of the Songhay, much of the trans-Saharan gold trade was siphoned off by the Portuguese on what became known as the Gold Coast (modern ________).

Ghana

The demand for slave labor reached new heights in Brazil when:

Gold was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1690.

Although they were under frequent attack by Songhay and Kanem-Bornu during the period 1500-1800, the _________ kingdoms enjoyed periods of independence during which many of the ruling clans converted to Islam.

Hausa