Ch. 2: The Evolution of Management - Study Guide

the results of bureaucratic structure:

- formal network of relationships among positions - standardized jobs - standardized behavior through rules and regulations

according to Chester Bernard, the role of senior mgmt consists of:

- hire key individuals - formulate the purpose of the org. - maintain proper org'l communication

Taylor's principles of scientific mgmt

- mgmt should develop a precise approach for each element of one's work -etc etc

characteristics of the systems theory approach to mgmt

- open systems dependent on ext. environ. - transforms inputs into outputs that meet market demands - a feedback loop that provides input for the next cycle

systematic mgmt emphasizes:

- org'l control - adequate staffing - economical operations

What were some criticisms of scientific mgmt?

- production tasks were reduced to machinelike procedures that led to boredom - possible abuse of power by mgmt - the approach ignored some job-related social & psychological factors

Which of the following are considered contemporary approaches to management?

- sociotechnical systems theory - quantitative management - organizational behavior - systems theory

Under the sociotechnical systems theory, the technical system is the organization's:

- tools - training - knowledge

2 major sections of the evolution of mgmt thought

1) contemporary 2) classical

Fayol's 14 principles of mgmt:

1) division of work -- divide work into specialized tasks and assign responsibilities to specific people 2) authority -- delegate authority along w/ responsibility 3) discipline -- make expectations clear & punish violations 4) unity of command -- each employee should be assigned to only one supervisor 5) unity of direction -- employee's efforts should be focused on achieving organizational objectives 6) subordination of individual interest to the general interest -- the general interest must predominate 7) remuneration -- systematically reward efforts that support the organization's direction 8) centralization -- determine the relative importance of superior & subordinate roles 9) scalar chain -- keep communications w/in the chain of command 10) order -- order jobs & material so they support the org's direction 11) equity -- fair discipline & order enhance employee commitment 12) stability & tenure of personnel -- promote employee loyalty & longevity 13) initiative -- encourage employees to act on their own in support of the org's direction 14) esprit de corps -- promote a unity of interests b/w employees & mgmt

Fayol's 5 functions of mgmt:

1) planning 2) organizing 3) commanding 4) coordinating 5) controlling

Rank the evolution of these contemporary approaches to management from earliest (on top) to most recent (on bottom)

1) sociotechnical systems theory 2) quantitative management 3) organizational behavior 4) systems theory

Starting with the earliest at the top, rank the five classical approaches to mgmt in chronological order

1) systematic mgmt 2) scientific mgmt 3) bureaucracy 4) admin. mgmt 5) human relations

As early as ________, the Sumerians were engaged in various management practices, including records management of tax receipts, real estate holdings, and lists of farm animals.

5000 BC

what was Max Weber's ideal form of management?

Bureaucracy

__________ refutes universal principles of mgmt by stating that a variety of internal & external factors affect organizational performance.

Contingency perspective

The ___________ study investigated the influence of physical working conditions on a worker's productivity & efficiency in one of Western Electric Company's suburban Chicago factories.

Hawthorne

__________ management attempted to build into operations the specific procedures that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve goals.

Systematic

___________ theory emphasizes that an organization is one system in a series of subsystems.

Systems

The _________ mgmt approach suggested that management was a profession.

administrative

the classical mgmt approach that emphasizes a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions in the organization

bureaucracy

_________ continually creates new opportunities and new demands for lowering costs and for achieving greater innovations

change

Scientific mgmt is a(n) ________ approach that applied scientific methods to analyze & determine the best way to complete production tasks.

classical

Situational characteristics are called _____

contingencies

Which of the following is NOT an example of the early application of management functions? a. Chinese applying the managerial concepts of delegation, cooperation, efficiency, organization, and control b. Adam Smith discussing control & the principles of specialization with regard to manufacturing workers c. Greeks recognizing management as a separate art and advocating a scientific approach d. Venetians discussing the importance of controlling and organizing in the book The Art of War

d. Sun Tzu advocated planning and leading in his book

both the classical and contemporary approaches of the evolution of mgmt attempted to

explain real issues facing managers provide managers w/ tools to solve future problems

the _______ chart is a tool that helps employees and managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks

gantt

the approach to mgmt that was developed in the 1930s and emphasized the interaction of social processes with the work situation was known as

human relations

What is a characteristic of systematic mgmt?

managers focused on internal issues of efficiency

the revised perspective that studies mgmt activities promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of individual processes is known as

org'l behavior

according to McGregor, the _____ theory assumes employees are self-motivated and eager to work

theory Y

According to the sociotechnical systems theory, organizations are effective when their employees have the appropriate __________, __________, and __________.

tools, training, and knowledge

Prior to the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, most managers employed a(n) ________ basis.

trial-and-error