Ch. 20 Genetics

Which component in the CRISPR-Cas9 system makes a double-strand break in DNA? Multiple choice question.

Cas 9

Polymerase chain reaction was developed by ______.

Kary Mullis

An early method of DNA sequencing that involved the base-specific chemical cleavage of DNA was developed by ______.

Maxam and gilbert

recombinant DNA molecules

Molecules that are produced in vitro by covalently linking DNA fragments from two different sources.

The step in PCR that occurs when Taq polymerase starts at the primers and catalyzes the synthesis of complementary DNA is called:

Primer extension

What is the technique that allows one to determine the amount of template DNA present when the PCR cycles began?

Real-time PCR

When cloning a gene, why must the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid DNA be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

The sticky ends of the plasmid DNA will be complementary to the sticky ends of the chromosomal DNA.

If you wanted a collection of only transcribed DNA, you would construct a ______.

cDNA library

When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, which two components are combined in the sgRNA?

crRNA & tracrRNA

If the oxygens on carbons 2 and 3 of the sugar of a nucleotide have been removed, as shown in the image, the nucleotide is referred to as a(n)

dideoxyribonucleotides

A technique for identifying proteins that bind to DNA or RNA is called the _____________________________ assay (EMSA).

electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)

When using PCR to amplify DNA, short oligonucleotides called primers ______.

flank the region of DNA to be amplified

Which process will result in a point mutation in the target gene when using the CRISPR-Cas technology for gene editing?

homologous recombination repair

In gene cloning, cells are treated with agents that ______, creating competent cells.

make them permeable to DNA

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types, but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell, are said to be

multipotent

What do you call the DNA sequence in a vector that allows the replication enzymes of the host cell to make multiple copies of the vector?

origin of replication

A vector that contains a piece of chromosomal DNA is referred to as a(n) ________ vector.

recombinant

You have a piece of RNA, and you want to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA. Which enzyme would you use?

reverse transcriptase

Primer annealing occurs when ______.

short oligonucleotides bind to complementary DNA flanking the gene of interest

When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, tracrRNA and crRNA are linked together in a molecule called the ______________ _______________ RNA (sgRNA).

single guide

The technique that allows a researcher to produce a mutation at a specific sequence is called

site-directed mutagenesis

In the CRISPR-Cas system, what part of the sgRNA is designed to be complementary to the gene to be mutated?

spacer region

What is the purpose of Northern blotting?

to identify a specific RNA molecule within a mixture of RNA molecules

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be

totipotent

Which technique is used to identify a particular protein in a mixture of proteins?

western blotting

Order the steps in one cycle of a PCR reaction, placing the first step at the top.

1. denaturation 2. primer annealing 3. primer extension

Order the following steps in cloning a gene, placing the first step at the top.

1. the chromosomal DNA is isolated and cut with a restriction enzyme; the plasmid DNA is cut with the same enzyme 2. the digested chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA are incubated together 3. Ligation by DNA ligase produces recombinant vectors

In CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, which type of change is observed in the target gene when nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repairs the double-strand break?

A small deletion causes a frameshift mutation.

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell and thus make many copies of an inserted gene is called a(n)P:

Vector

Site-directed mutagenesis allow a researcher to make a mutation ______.

at a specific sequence of DNA

How is the amount of DNA produced during real-time PCR measured?

by measuring the fluorescence emitted by the probe added to the PCR mixture

Restriction endonucleases are used in gene cloning to ______.

cut the DNA backbone prior to inserting the DNA to be cloned

Embryonic stem cells are _____________ which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

To perform many cycles of PCR, you need a machine that can change temperatures at exact times. What do you call this machine?

thermocycler