CH 212: Final
What are Kranzberg's Laws? Which one do you agree with the most?
"Technology is neither good nor bad, nor is it neutral." "Invention is the mother of necessity."
Name three contributions that James Clerk Maxwell made to STS.
-MAXWELL GAVE MATHEMATICAL FORM TO FARADAY'S WORK IN ELECTROMAGNETISM -HIS UNIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AND OPTICS IS CONSIDERED A SCIENTIFIC LANDMARK -HE ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE REASON FOR THE STABILITY OF RINGS OF SATURN -Produced the world's first color photo
What are Isaacson's Five Theses for how innovation happens? Which one do you agree with the most?
1. Connect Art and Science 2. Creativity comes from Collaboration 3. Collaboration works best in person 4. Vision without Execution is Hallucination 5. Man is a Social Animal
According to lecture, how old was Ada Lovelace when she befriended Charles Babbage and understood the programming of his Analytical Engines?
17
ARPANET.
A computer network developed by the Advanced Research Project Agency (now the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency) in the 1960s and 1970s as a means of communication between research laboratories and universities. ARPANET was the predecessor to the Internet.
natural selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
facism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Futurism
An early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
Had you ever heard of James Clerk Maxwell before this class? If so, what did you know? If not, were you surprised by anything in the video? Which of James Clerk Maxwell's contributions (of the three shared in the video) do you think has had the most lasting impact on today's world? Why? Lastly, why is the way in which Maxwell made his discoveries significant to STS? What is different about his methodology as compared to Faraday's methods? Be specific and use textual evidence (and film specifics) to support your claims.
Before this class, and similarly to the people that were interviewed on the street in the BBC feature, I had never heard of James Clerk Maxwell. I think what surprised me most during my viewing of James Clerk Maxwell: The Man Who Changed the World was how many of his discoveries and innovations we have to thank for the place we are at today with our technology and how without his work we may not have many of our advanced technologies, yet how oblivious I was to his existence before this lecture. I think that of Maxwell's contributions that were discussed in the video, while all of them interesting and important in their own ways, his theories on electromagnetic waves have had the most lasting effects as they were later proven by German scientist Heimlich Hertz. With the proven existence of electromagnetic waves, humans then could harness radio waves, radar technology, microwaves, infrared, etc. The way that Maxwell made his discoveries is significant to the STS field because, according to James Clerk Maxwell: The Man Who Changed the World, "19th century scientists were used to thinking of the world in mechanical terms, physically tangible objects that could be touched, measured, and felt," and Maxwell's theory went entirely against that basis. The way that Maxwell and Faraday approach their work is different because Faraday's methodology was largely based in educating and sharing science through his public experiments where visualization and simplification was emphasized, while Maxwell's methods were largely based in complex mathematics. While their approaches to the study were different, Maxwell's work on electromagnetism built off of Faraday's and both contributed greatly to the science we have today.
What single item changed women's lives the most drastically during the twentieth century?
Birth Control?
Public Sphere
Business and politics the work of a nation competitive, selfish, and pot. corrupt
Margaret Hamilton
Computer Scientist and mathematician who worked for NASA who developed the computer algorithms for the Apollo program to help missions land on the moon. Recently awarded the medal of freedom. Highest award you can win for a non-military citizen.
From which assigned reading do you find the following phrase? "...If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood; Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,; Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud; Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues..."
Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. as the first electronic general-purpose digital computer. It was Turing-complete, and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.
Name two Modern art movements and what they tell us about Modernism.
Expressionism and Cubism
Speed is not central to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's argument in "The Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism."
False
Who was Michael Faraday and why is he important to the history of electricity?
Faraday is most famous for his contributions to the understanding of electricity and electrochemistry. In this work he was driven by his belief in the uniformity of nature and the interconvertibility of various forces, which he conceived early on as fields of force. In 1821 he succeeded in producing mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current—an ancestor of the electric motor. Ten years later he converted magnetic force into electrical force, thus inventing the world's first electrical generator
What are Charles Darwin's thoughts on Social Darwinism? Explain his argument about Natural Selection.
He did not like social darwinism. His ideas focused on animals not people and didn't like the implications of race that came with it.
Who was Ted Kaczynski and what did he argue?
He was the "Unabomber." ''My ambition is to kill a scientist, big businessman, government official or the lik
What do you think of Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage's relationship? How would you describe their collaborative efforts? How would you describe the engines they worked on? Were they a worthwhile endeavor? Why or why not? Lastly, how did Ada view the engines and why does that matter? What sort of issues were occurring in Ada's life that prevented her from giving the same amount of attention to the engine as Charles did? Be specific and use textual evidence to support your claims.
I think that the collaborative relationship between Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage was refreshing to learn about after discussing rivalries such as the Calculus Controversy between Leibniz and Newton or the debate between Galvani and Volta. Their efforts were based on understanding with Lovelace seeing Babbage's Difference Engine as an invention of "great beauty" (Padua, 21) and approaching the analytical engines from a new perspective, enriching the research and providing the information that, "by manipulating symbols according to rules, any kind of information, not only numbers, can be operated on by automatic processes" (26). I believe that Babbage and Lovelace's work on the engines was a wholly worthwhile endeavor even if the analytical engine was never built because it marked the start of computing and programming and "is the first explicit example we know of a machine that would have been capable of universal computation." Ada Lovelace was prevented from giving the same amount of attention to the analytic engines as Charles Babbage did because she was a woman and at the time it was difficult for women to break into the world of science, as we also saw in the case of Hertha Ayrton. According to Padua's "Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage, "an original scientific paper by a woman would have been very unusual," and shown also through Lovelace and Babbage's friend and fellow scientist, Mary Somerville's early life where she was kept from studying mathematics because "her parents feared her female body would be unable to cope" (18).
What is the Jacquard Loom and why is it important to understand Charles Babbage's engines?
In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the fabric) upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. Descendents of these punched cards have been in use ever since. Babbage was not deterred, and by then was on to his next brainstorm, which he called the Analytic Engine. This device, large as a house and powered by 6 steam engines, would be more general purpose in nature because it would be programmable, thanks to the punched card technology of Jacquard.
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Influential German Writer (1744-1803) he wrote Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind in which he said that each country should have its own national identity not one borrowed from another country, he called it Volksgeist., German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803); advocated intuition over reason
What is Shell Shock and how was it treated?
Interpreted as either physical or psychological injury or "lack of moral fiber". Treated by electroshock therapy. Later understood as PTSD
Why is fashion and the bicycle important to First Wave Feminism?
It was associated with the "new modern woman". It reprsented New mobility, Sexual freedom and the Public/private sphere divide.
According to lecture, electricity in people's homes made life easier by requiring less time to perform mundane tasks, but what was the downside?
It was loud and it was dangerous.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Launched Futurism after WWI- Italian who glorified machine age which is the key to an enlightened. Sought to replace "old art" because it held back from new art to be created. Wanted to raise audience interaction
In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, which of the following androids is Decker not searching for?
Luba Luft
Outline the four broad causes/processes that led to World War I.
MAIN Militarization, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Where did the term "software engineer" come from?
Margaret Hamilton in the 1960s when she was functioning on the Apollo space mission.
Analytical Engines
Marks the progression from mechanized arithmetic of calculation to fully fledged general purpose calculation Programmable using punched cards Had "stores" that held numbers and results and "mills" where arithmetic processing was performed Performed functions seen in modern computing
Katherine Johnson
Mathematician born in White Sulphur Springs. For 33 years, Johnson worked for NASA doing calculations for manned space flight, including the Apollo 11 moon landing. In 2015, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She is in the movie "Hidden Figures" coming out Jan. 6, 2016.
In what ways does Michael Faraday's lecture promote the wonders of electricity to the lower classes? How does he make studying electricity exciting and accessible to people of all classes and genders? Share a passage from his Christmas lecture and explain how his views of electricity differed from the ideas of those who came before him (e.g. William Gilbert, Matthias Bose, and other itinerant electrifiers that we learned about last week). Lastly, how does Faraday's methodology in approaching science differ from James Clerk Maxwell's? Be specific and use textual evidence to support your claims.
Michael Faraday was born into a lower class family, that could not provide him with the wealth needed for proper mathematical training at a University. He was very interested in science, and that did not stop him from facing the prejudice of others, because he was able to understand that electricity could be understood through "natural law". Instead of using a university education to change science, he gave demonstrations and lectures to all classes of citizens at the Royal Science Institution . He differed from previous scientists that we learned about like Matthias Bose, who saw electricity as a form of entertainment that could be used to make money off of performances; like sending a shock to someone who kisses a woman on stage. He believed that there was a nature to electricity, and that it could be understood and measured. This is prevalent right off the bat when he begins his lecture by reminiscing all of the people that came before him, and what they believed electricity to be. He states, " Remember that we spoke of the attraction of particles of the same kind to each other - that power which keeps them together in masses iron attracted to iron, brass to brass, or water to water," and so on. Faraday differs from Maxwell in that he uses physics and math to understand a magnetic field for electricity. Maxwell also brought together theories on magnetism, light, and electricity, whereas Faraday focused on electricity being a single unit.
Rural Electrification Act
New Deal program designed to build the capabilities to bring electricity to rural areas
According to lecture, was Hertha Ayrton allowed to read her paper to the Royal Society?
No
In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, how did World War Terminus start?
No one is alive that remembers
R.U.R
Of course, R.U.R. is about robots. But the thing about robots is, well, they're not human—or, at best, they're only sort of human. Hmm, now that we think about it, maybe they are human after all. They look human, right? Is it human if it looks human? It can move and act and think like a human. Does it need something else, though? A soul? A social security card? Or then, is it better than humans because it can run faster, jump higher, score more points at Scrabble? If a robot could love, would it be human? If a human can't love, is it a robot?
Victorian Era ettiquette
Perfect manners superficially suggested high moral standard
Name three key features of Victorian society
Privacy, Superficiality, Sexuality, and Repression
SAGE
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment. System of large computers and networking equipmentCoordinated data from radar sites and processed into single imageDirected and controlled response to Soviet air attacks
First Wave of Feminism
Strived for equal legal and public opportunity Separate spheres ideology Began in 1860-1950
Second Wave Feminism
Strived for fair treatment, not just equal opportunity The personal is political 1960-1980s
Which of our assigned authors includes a section in their work titled, "The 'Bad' Parts of Technology cannot be separated from the 'Good,'" and then goes on to say that while scientists claim they are motivated by a desire to benefit to humanity, their principal motive is power?
Ted Kaczynski
Question 2 Describe Tesla's early life and what role you think it played in his life goals and ambitions. How is his background different from the other scientific figures we've discussed thus far? How does it help inform his identity as an inventor? What do his visions and views of electricity and frequency tell us about him? Finally, describe what it was like in one of Tesla's labs. What does the lab tell us about Tesla and his ideas for the future?
Tesla's early life was spent in Europe, his father was a priest, and desperately wanted to follow his path. His mother had the creative inventive side, this must have influenced him during his childhood. He eventually ended up going to college and there is where he found his interest in science. Growing up not around science and not really exposed to it until college could have played a role in his goals and ambitions. He was still new to the whole idea of science and wasn't in it for the fame and money, he was interested in science because it was his passion and he wanted to improve the lives of others. Tesla differs from scientists we have seen in the past because he was an immigrant, this hasn't played a role in any of the other scientists that we have learned about thus far. He also did not find an interest in the field of science until he went to college. In comparing this to Maxwell who we discussed last week, Maxwell was already doing speeches at university by this time! With his background and being relatively new to science and the dynamic of it all, this could explain as to why he wasn't about the money behind inventing and sometimes was taken advantage of by others around him. He was not interested in the money he wanted to keep inventing and inventing. The film shows this from a quote from the perspective of Tesla himself, it states, "Money does not mean to me what it does to others. All my money has been invested into inventions to make man's life a little easier." This shows how different his mind set and identity was compared to other inventors at this time. His visions of electricity were endless, he was always moving to the next thing. This shows how driven he was to simply make life better for everyone. He was able to turn his childhood vision of making power from Niagara Falls into a reality. He brought so many of his visions to life. This shows he was a driven and fearless inventor. The setting in one of Tesla's labs was all about experimentation and discovery. He would host shows to fellow inventors and others in the community and perform hands-on experiments. His lab setting tells us that he had so many visions for the future and wanted to discover it all. He was not afraid to show everyone all that he was working on.
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Herbert Spencer coined this idea. Darwin hated it.
Victorian era
The period during the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1901). With regard to sexuality, it was a time of great public prudery (the pleasurable aspects of sex were denied) and many incorrect medical beliefs.
Unabomber
The popular nickname applied to Theodore Kaczynski., a loner(specifically a neo-Luddite) with a grievance against modern technology.
In Let Me Go, when a SS guard and friend of Helga's mother had a picture frame made from gold stolen and/or extracted from Jewish prisoners, what did two Jewish women do to it as revenge?
They poisoned it
According to lecture, a basic definition of the nation state is a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
True
According to lecture, a number of anti-masturbation devices existed to aid men in controlling their sexual passions when morality alone could not do so.
True
The Origin of Species excerpt by Charles Darwin attempts to answer the question of whether the principle of selection applies under nature.
True
According to lecture, The Second Coming is seen as prophetic given the fact that it was published prior to what?
World War 1
According to The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage, did Charles Babbage like to throw parties?
Yes! And they were enormous and filled with the who's who of English society.
What is the Royal Institution?
a British organization devoted to scientific educational research that played an instrumental role in the advancement of science
stateless nation
a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own
What are the World's Fairs?
a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months.
What is Technological Determinism?
a reductionist theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values.
Who is Sulla in R.U.R.?
a robot and a Domin's typist
Who was Ada Lovelace and why is she important to our understandings of STS?
an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Has been called "the first computer programmer" for writing an algorithm for a computing machine in the mid-1800s.
Who was Hertha Ayrton and what are electric arcs?
an award-winning English engineer, mathematician, inventor and physicist, best known for her ground-breaking work on electric arcs and sand ripples. n Electric arcs are an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge.
The Enigma
an encryption device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military.
National Socialism (Nazi Party),
an offshoot of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism. Opposed to both capitalism and communism. seeked national unity and traditionalism
James Clerk Maxwell
demonstrated that light consists of two transverse waves oscillating at right angles to each other. Kaid foundation for electrical engineering. Also known as the founder of modern phsyics.
Imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
How would you describe the inter-war years in Europe and America?
economically and socially crippled.
Name three key features/innovations/changes that arrived as part of the Second Industrial Revolution.
electricity•Steel•Assembly line•
In Let Me Go, Helga's mother finally admits that she regrets being a member of the SS.
false
In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, John Isidore works
for a pretend vet that fixes electric animals
According to lecture, the "super bomb" that President Truman referred to the US building after discovering that the USSR had tested its first atom bomb, is primarily made of what material?
hydrogen
propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
What are the characteristics of the Digital Revolution?
mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits such as the computer, cell phone, and Internet
Third Wave Feminism
mid-1980s to now Embraces diversity and differences among women Strives to combat inequalities based on age, gender, race, sexual orientation, economic status, physical ability, or level of education
ethnic nationalism
nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group
According to lecture, is Nazism the same as socialism?
no
According to Johann Gottfried von Herder, when the people of Germany avoid "mingling" with other nations and ethnicities, they form a/an __________ nation.
peculiar, unadulterated, original
Victorian Era Privacy
privacy was the new ethics. One's private life and behavior was not a matter of public concern.
mass politics
reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy through voting rights formed and creation of mass political parties
Which illness is Sigmund Freud discussion in his memorandum?
shell shock
Name three technological outcomes of World War I.
telecommunication, transportation, chemical warfare, weapons,
Colossus
the first large-scale electronic computer
Private Sphere
the home refuge from corruption of public sphere
What was the War of the Currents? Provide two outcomes/impact of the war.
was a series of events surrounding the introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880s and early 1890s Tesla's alternating current (AC) electricity distribution won the first round of the current wars, but more than a century later Thomas Edison's direct current is making a comeback. The decisive battle took place in 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair. There was a lot at stake, including patent royalties and the right to electrify the cities of the United States.
According to lecture, World War I produced technological innovations in which of the following fields?
weaponry health, medicine, and hygiene telecommunications intelligence and subterfuge transportation