ch 22 hw

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Defense2. Fluid equilibrium3. Fat absorption

1, 2, 3

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding primary and secondary responses to an antigen.

1. A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen. True 2. In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells. True 3. A secondary response is slower than a primary response. False 4. In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells. True

Match the example with the type of acquired immunity.

1. Active natural immunity: Immunity to the flu virus after becoming ill with it 2. Active artificial immunity: Immunity to the flu virus through a vaccination 3. Passive natural immunity: An infant acquires antibodies through the mother's milk. 4. Passive artificial immunity: Antibodies from an animal are removed and injected into a human.

Match the T cell type with its function.

1. Cytotoxic T cells: Lysis of infected cells 2. Helper T cells: Promote phagocytosis and inflammation 3. Memory T cells: Provide a secondary response and long-lasting immunity

Match the component of the lymphatic system with its role in transporting lymph.

1. Jugular trunks: Drain the head and neck 2. Subclavian trunks: Drain the upper limbs 4. Bronchomediastinal trunks: Drain the thoracic organs 5. Intestinal trunks: Drain abdominal organs 6. Pelvic trunks: Drain lower limbs, kidneys, and adrenal glands

Indicate whether each statement is true or false.

1. Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow. False 2. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils. True 3. Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region. False 4. Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine. True 5. Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding lymphatic vessels.

1. Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane. False 2. Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body. True 3. Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries. True 4. Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels. True 5. Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and inhibition.

1. Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number. True 2. After recognizing an antigen, B cells proliferate and activate helper T cells. False 3. Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed. True 4. Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding active and passive immunity.

1. Passive immunity generally has longer lasting effects than active immunity. false 2. In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells. true 3. Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime. true 4. If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred. False

Match the component of the lymphatic system with its description.

1. Tonsils: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 2. Lymphatic nodules: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 3. Spleen: Lymphatic organ 4. Thymus: Lymphatic organ 5. Lymph nodes: Lymphatic organ

Match the lymphatic organ with its function.

1. Tonsils: Protect against bacteria from entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity 2. Lymph nodes: Filter lymph; house lymphocytes 3. Spleen: Destroys defective red blood cells; responds to foreign substances in the blood 4. Thymus: Site for the maturation of T cells

2. Which of these cells or organs plays a role in destroying pathogens using complement?

All of the choices are correct.

When an antibody combines with an antigen, which of the following may result?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is an effect of the inflammatory response in damaged or infected tissue?

All of the choices are correct.

How do lymphatic capillaries differ form blood capillaries?

All of the choices are ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries.

2. What clinical symptoms do you expect from patients with p.A252T homozygous mutations?

An increase in frequency of bacterial diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia

Check all that are ways that antibodies affect antigens.

Antibodies facilitate phagocytosis of bound antigen. Antibodies neutralize or inactivate bound antigens. Antibodies bound to antigen can activate the complement cascade.

1. Protection against extracellular pathogens 2. Results from the activity of B cells 3. Also known as humoral immunity 4. Protection against intracellular pathogens 5. Results from the activity of T cells

Antibody-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following is caused by an adaptive response to self-antigens?

Autoimmune disease

1. Which of the following best describes the role of complement protein C5b in the immune response?

C5b helps form a complement protein complex on bacteria cells that leads to their destruction.

Why is a cell-mediated immune response more effective against intracellular microorganisms (such as viruses) than an antibody-mediated response?

Cell-mediated response results in destruction of cell containing the intracellular microorganism; antibodies can't enter cells

Check all that occur during localized inflammation.

Chemical mediators cause vasodilation. Fibrin walls off the infected area. Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.

Which if the following statements regarding major histocompatibility proteins (MHCs) is true?

Class I MHC is found on all nucleated cells in the body.

What are the two types of lymphatic tissues found in the lobules of the thymus?

Cortex and medulla

2. Which immune cells directly mediate the apoptosis of the kidney cells and therefore the rejection of the kidney itself?

Cytotoxic T-cells

1. Which of these cells is capable of phagocytosis?

Dendritic cells

1. Which of the following may have occurred in the Ebola patients after the blood plasma and antibody transfusion?

Ebola viruses will be neutralized as they become coated with antibodies.

3. Which of these cell types is capable of producing cytotoxic chemicals against a multicellular parasite?

Eosinophils

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding fever?

Fever inhibits bacterial growth and accelerates tissue repair.

2. Which of these chemicals aids in inducing apoptosis in a virally-infected cell?

Granzyme

2. What does a cytotoxic T-cell release upon recognizing a virally-infected cell (assuming the T-cell was previously activated with IL-2)?

Granzymes

1. Which of these cells produces IL-2?

Helper T-cells

1. Which of the following is largely responsible for swelling during inflammation?

Histamine

An individual is vaccinated against a virus and is now immune. Which characteristic of the immune system does this best exemplify?

Immune memory

Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense? Check all that apply.

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When re-exposed to a pathogen, there is usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.

If a drug blocked the receptors for costimulatory molecules on immune cells, which of the following is a possible result?

Inability to activate B cells and T cells

1. Which of the following is NOT an effect of interferons secreted by an infected cell?

Interferons attach to viruses, resulting in destruction of the pathogens.

Which of the following are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb lipids?

Lacteals

Which of the following organs does not contain lymphatic tissue?

Liver

When interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, what is this fluid called?

Lymph

Which of the following lymphatic vessels is located in the tissues?

Lymphatic capillary

1. Which MHC class molecule is most critical to match for transplant success?

MHC Class I

Complete each sentence with the correct word from the list.

MHC class I molecules are found on nucleated cells. MHC class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells. Foreign antigens combined with MHC class I molecules stimulate cell destruction of infected cells. Foreign antigens combined with MHC class II molecules stimulate activation of helper T cells.

Which of the following is not an interaction between cell-mediated immunity and innate immunity?

Macrophages of innate immunity present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

3. Which of these statements is TRUE about macrophages?

Macrophages phagocytose bacteria when they recognize complement proteins on the bacterial surface.

Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?

Major histocompatibility complex molecule

Which of the following is not related to innate immunity?

Memory

What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary cell-mediated immune response to an antigen?

Memory T cell

Which of the following is not a chemical mediator of innate immunity?

Mucus

1. What portion of T-cell maturation is impaired in APS-1?

Negative selection

What is the process that eliminates B and T lymphocytes against self-antigens

Negative selection

What is the process that eliminates B and T lymphocytes against self-antigens?

Negative selection

2. Which of these processes involves a phagocytic cell?

Opsonization

Foreign antigen presented by MHC class II on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction?

Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen.

Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system?

Pancreas

Which of the following types of immunity is gained by a patient that receives an antiserum injection for a snake bite?

Passive artificial immunity

2. Rare genetic mutations can compromise the expression of CAMs. In these cases, what symptoms might be most likely?

Persistent infections, or trouble healing from infections that wouldn't be serious in other patients

Antibody-mediated immunity involves the production of antibodies by which of the following cells?

Plasma cells

Which of the following is not a major effect of cytotoxic T cells?

Production of antibodies

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Protein absorption from the digestive tract

Which of the following is a substance that can pass through the walls of lymphatic capillaries, but normally cannot pass through the walls of blood capillaries?

Proteins

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for the processing of protein antigens originating outside of a cell?

Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system? Check all that apply.

Recover fluid from the interstitium to the blood plasma Remove foreign matter from fluid before returning it to the bloodstream Absorb dietary lipids

What are defined as the mechanical mechanisms of the innate immunity?

Skin and mucous membranes

A disease of the thymus gland during infancy would most likely impact development of __________.

T cells

If the genes encoding MHC class II were inactivated in an antigen-presenting cell (APC), which of the following would result?

The APC could not activate helper T cells.

2. The T-cells of patients with AIRE could have which of the following problems?

The T-cells will express all the correct receptors, but may react with self-antigens.

Some viruses have the ability to decrease the number of MHC class I molecules expressed on the surface of an infected cell. How is this a benefit to the virus?

The infected cell is less likely to be attacked by a cytotoxic T cell.

Which of the following best describes the wall of lymphatic capillaries?

Thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells

What part of an antibody combines with an antigen?

Variable region

3. Which of these molecules is likely to be presented from the endogenous pathway?

Viral capsid protein

3. Would a drug that inhibits the secretion of IL-2 be helpful to prevent transplant rejection?

Yes, IL-2 inhibitor drugs would be useful in that they would prevent the activation of cytotoxic T-cells.

2. Fc regions are similar from one patient to another. Would phagocytic cells be involved in clearing the Ebola virus from the patient recipient?

Yes, opsonization of the neutralized viruses is likely to occur.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

You are born with it. or innate

An individual develops a cold from a co-worker. This is an example of __________ immunity.

active natural

In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in __________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

active; passive

Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ?

adrenal gland

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include

aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes.

The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class molecules

allow T cells to become activated.

Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region. As a result, Stephanie's right arm

becomes swollen as lymph cannot drain into the right subclavian trunk.

Lymphocytes with a CD8 glycoprotein on their surface are called __________ cells, and lymphocytes with a CD4 glycoprotein on their surface are called __________ cells.

cytotoxic T; helper

In a patient experiencing an allergic reaction, __________ will greatly increase in number.

eosinophils

Lymph nodes filter blood, removing bacteria and other foreign substances.

fasle

Which of the following is a feature of systemic inflammation?

fever

In __________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in __________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

innate, adaptive

Interferon

is produced by one cell and is used to prepare nearby cells to fight the infection.

During the inflammatory response, __________ degranulate and release __________.

mast cells; histamine

Cytotoxic T cells produce

perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells.

What are the two types of lymphatic tissues found in the spleen?

red and white pulp

Positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the

survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response.

The MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface. This prompts the immune system to destroy

the displaying cell.

Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to

trap microorganisms.

Attachment of HIV to a host cell requires a receptor and co-receptor on the surface of the host cell.

true

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

true

In host-versus-graft rejection, the recipient recognizes the donor tissue as foreign and rejects the transplant. In a graft-versus-host rejection, the donor tissue recognizes the recipient's tissue as foreign and the transplant rejects the recipient, causing destruction of the recipient's tissue.

true

Self proteins of infected cells are not targeted by cytotoxic T cells.

true

There is only one immune system, but its responses often involve components of more than one type of immunity.

true

2. Vasodilation and capillary permeability might be helpful in an immune reaction because

vasodilation and increased permeability allow immune cells to exit the blood and fight bacteria in the tissues.

Which of the following is false? An antibody missing its constant regions

would be unable to bind and neutralize antigen.