Ch. 24 Urinary HW
D
Which of the following represents the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
What should NOT be found in filtrate?
albumin
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? Hints nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles water and small solutes
blood cells and large particles
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
Hilum
Calculate the NFP, if the GHP is 50 mm Hg, the GCOP is 30 mm Hg and the CHP is 15 mm Hg.
NFP = 5 mm Hg
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
Renal corpuscle
Which of the following hormones causes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule?
Aldosterone
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop is mostly permeable to:
ions, such as Na and Cl
Which of the following is a normal property of urine?
translucent
Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result __________.
urine volume will increase
The labeled structure is the?
Adipose Capsule; which consists of adipose tissue that wedges each kidney in place and shields it from physical shock. During prolonged starvation, the body uses the fatty acids in the adipose capsule of the kidney for fuel.
Urinalysis can also provide information regarding renal function. Which urinalysis would suggest possible renal damage or failure (it would be in the urine if the kidneys were not functioning normally)?
Albuminuria
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
Fibrous capsule
A
Filtration takes place at _____.
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute is defined as the __________.
GFR
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
25 mm Hg
The Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) is equal to:
GHP - (GCOP + CHP)
An increase in blood pressure will cause an increase in _______.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
Which of the following forces drives filtration?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
Which urinalysis result would be a positive indicator of a kidney stone?
Hematuria
Which of the following is true about tubular reabsorption?
It involves carrier-mediated transport.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract?
Kidneys
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
Protein
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
Renal columns
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
Renal cortex
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
Renal cortex
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
Renal cortex
Where are the renal columns located?
Renal medulla
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
Renal pelvis
B
Secretion takes place at all of these locations, except _____.
C : Important in countercurrent mechanism to establish an osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the medulla of the kidney E : Functions to eliminate urine from the nephron; important site for water reabsorption when ADH is released D : Final site of processing (reabsorption and secretion) before filtrate enters the collecting duct. A : Site of filtration; materials enter the filtrate of the nephron from the blood B : Main site of reabsorption; most materials enter the blood from the filtrate
Segments of the Nephron
T or F : The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
TRUE
B
The average GCOP is labeled
ADH
The hormone identified with a question mark is __________.
Podocyte; which form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule and also form the filtration slits of the filtration membrane.
The labeled cell is a ____
C
The macula densa is labeled _____.
D
The vasa recta is labeled _____.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug that inhibits the pump responsible for active reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron loop. Predict the effect of furosemide on the quantity of urine produced.
There will be a large amount of urine produced.
Which of the following would be a "potassium sparing diuretic," a drug that causes an increase in water loss, and a decrease in potassium loss in the kidneys?
a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone
Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT:
a pH of 3.0.
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the urinary system? a. regulation of leukocyte production b. removal of metabolic waste c. regulation of acid-base balance d. maintenance of blood pressure
a. regulation of leukocyte production:
Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane? a. basal lamina of the glomerulus b. filtration slits formed by podocytes c. squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule d. endothelial cells of the glomerulu
c. squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule
The detrusor muscle __________.
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine
Which of the following will result in a decrease of GFR?
constriction of the afferent arteriole
Angiotensin II promotes:
constriction of the efferent arteriole: which increases GFR and ensures filtration will continue even when systemic blood pressure is low.
The mucosa of the bladder __________.
contains rugae
The most common type of nephrons, which have a relatively short nephron loop that does NOT extend deep into the medulla, are called __________ nephrons.
cortical
A substance will have the fastest renal clearance if it is __________.
filtered and secreted
Reabsorption moves water and solutes:
from filtrate to blood
Filtration happens at the:
glomerulus
If there was no reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following useful substances would be lost in urine:
glucose
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
The hormone ANP causes an __________.
increase in GFR
Increased water reabsorption in the descending limb of the nephron loop will result in __________.
increased NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug that inhibits the pump responsible for active reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron loop. Which of the following is one of the common side effects of furosemide?
increased natriuresis (Na loss)
Which of the following substances is used to measure renal clearance?
inulin
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?
isotonic - 300 mOsm
As filtrate moves down the descending limb of the nephron loop:
its concentration increases
Which of the following cells or organs releases renin?
juxtaglomerular cells : which reside in the wall of the afferent arteriole release renin in response to low blood pressure.
If there was no medullary gradient, the kidneys would produce:
large amount of dilute urine
A decrease in GFR will cause __________.
lower Na and Cl ion concentration in the distal tubule
Aldosterone antagonist drugs prevent aldosterone from having an effect at its receptors. As a result __________.
more urine will be produced
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
net filtration would decrease
Which of the following is controlled voluntarily?
opening of the external urethral sphincter
Reabsorption in which substances pass between adjacent tubular cells is called:
paracellular
Which of the following will NOT pass across the filtration membrane? glucose plasma proteins urea electrolytes
plasma proteins
Most nutrients, such as glucose, are reabsorbed in the __________.
proximal tubule
The distal tubule is a site for:
reabsorption and secretion
What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
The micturition reflex is initiated by __________.
stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder
The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to __________.
water
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?
ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?
ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
Collects newly formed urine
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
T or F: The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
FALSE : The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules that travel towards the renal papillae, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
T or F: The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
FALSE; The fibrous capsule is a strong sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue. There is a layer of adipose tissue superficial to the fibrous capsule, called the perirenal fat capsule.
Secretion happens via:
Facilitated transport only
If the filtrate concentration is lower than normal at the turn of the nephron loop:
active transport in the thick ascending limb will be less efficient
The arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the __________.
afferent arteriole
Which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?
albumin
Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The filtrate is most concentrated __________.
at the turn of the nephron loop
What is NOT a major function of the kidneys? a. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure b. regulation of acid-base balance c. removal of metabolic wastes d. hematopoiesis
d. hematopoiesis
Increase in urine volume is usually accompanied by ___________ in urine concentration.
decrease
Simple squamous epithelium is located in the:
descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Which of the following will cause an increase in GHP and GFR?
dilation of the afferent arteriole
Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?
epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule
The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:
the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.
Renal clearance is defined as:
the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.
Recall that the sympathetic nervous system causes activation of Angiotensin II. With this knowledge, how would the sympathetic nervous system be affected by a treatment for high blood pressure?
the sympathetic nervous system would be inhibited
Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via __________.
tubular reabsorption