CH 24.4 The US in WWII

Across the country, families with loved ones in the service showed their sacrifice by displaying a flag with a __star. If the service member was killed, the blue star was replaced with a ___one. Families followed the ___ of the war with great interest. Millions of Americans read the newspaper columns of writer _____, who covered the war from the point of view of the ___ in the field. ____, whose ____ featured two ordinary soldiers named Willie and Joe, also gave folks on the home front a soldier's view of life in the army.

blue gold news Ernie Pyle men Bill Mauldin cartoons

Movies remained enormously popular during the war years. In the early 1940s, some 90 million Americans visited the ____ each week. As a result, the nation's film industry became a major producer of wartime ____.

movie theater propaganda

Another technique was to show the harmful ____ of improper actions and attitudes, such as talking about sensitive military _____. "Someone talked!" accused a drowning American sailor in one poster, moments before he slipped beneath the waves. Films such as _____ dramatized the same ideas.

outcomes information Safeguarding Military Information

Americans supported the war effort not just with their trash but also with their treasure. They did this by buying billions of dollars worth of _____. The money invested by millions of ordinary citizens helped pay for the the vast quantities of shipping, aircraft, and other weaponry being produced in American factories.

war bonds

In response to warnings such as this, President Roosevelt issued ____ on February 19, 1942. This order gave the armed forces the power to establish ____. It also gave them the power to force people or groups to ___ these zones. The clear goal of the order was to remove people of ____ heritage from the western United States.

Executive Order 9066 military zones leave Japanese

Many victory gardens were small and humble but combined they produced big results. In 1943 the nation's 20 million victory gardens yielded an astounding 8 million tons of produce. ____ garden was typical. She canned over 400 quarts of fruits and vegetables her first year—more than she and her family could eat. Victory gardens also helped ___ communities. Very young children and older men and women could all help in the preparation, planting, weeding, and harvesting of vegetables. Indeed, the victory gardens became a popular expression of _____. They helped Americans at home stay strong during the difficult days of the bloodiest war in human history.

Grace Bracker's Wisconsin unite patriotism

During the 1930s, the federal government faced the crisis of the ____. With the ____, the government grew to have a much larger role in the lives of average Americans than it had in the past. The trend that began in the Great Depression continued during World War II.

Great Depression New Deal

In general, ____ was a willing helper in the war effort. The big movie studios made a series of ____ films that featured soldiers and workers on the home front. To assist the studios, the OWI produced a guide called "_________________________________." This offered tips to ensure that Hollywood films helped promote what the government felt were the right ___ about the war. The ___ also reviewed movie scripts for the proper messages. Many leading ____ devoted time and energy to the war cause. They helped sell ____ and provided _______ to the troops at home and overseas.

Hollywood patriotic The Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture attitudes OWI movie stars war bonds entertainment

The order affected all people of ____ heritage living in the military zone. Within weeks of the order, soldiers were rounding up Japanese Americans in California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. Two-thirds of the 110,000 people affected were American citizens. Many had been ___ in the United States and had lived here for decades. No hearings or ____ were conducted to determine if an individual posed a real threat. The only factor considered was the person's ___ background. The Japanese Americans were told they would be taken to one of several ____ somewhere in the West. There they would be forced to live for as long as the military decided it was necessary.

Japanese born trials racial camps

After Pearl Harbor, government officials began to fear that people of German, Italian, and especially ___ descent would help the enemy. Many Italians and Germans who had ____ to the United States were forced to carry _____ cards. Thousands were placed in _______. But the worst treatment was reserved for ____ Americans.

Japanese immigrated identification prison camps Japanese

While most Americans willingly supported the war effort, the drive to influence public attitudes sometimes led to conflict. For example, in West Virginia, members of the ____ religious group challenged a law that required students in school to ___ the American flag. The Jehovah's Witnesses felt that this requirement went against their religious teachings. In 1943 the Supreme Court of the United States agreed that Americans could not be forced to salute the flag. In ______, the Court wrote that "no official ... can prescribe [require] what shall be orthodox [standard or required belief] in politics, nationalism, religion or other matters of opinion."

Jehovah's Witness salute West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

Another famous poster series illustrated the four freedoms that Roosevelt had talked about. These featured paintings by the popular artist ____. The OWI also issued stark warnings to the public about the dangers they faced. Drawings of Nazi or Japanese soldiers threatening small children were meant to inspire ___ in Americans—and the desire to take action against the ____ nations. "We're fighting to prevent this," declared one headline. Below the words was a picture of a giant Nazi boot crushing a little white church.

Norman Rockwell fear Axis

You have read about wartime rationing. This program was run by the ________ (OPA). The OPA also placed limits on the ____ businesses could charge for products and materials. The War _____ was another agency involved in the war effort. It was created to make sure that the military got the products and resources it needed to fight the war.

Office of Price Administration prices Production Board

When the United States officially entered the war, the federal government's need to influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the public became even greater. In June 1942, the government created the ____(OWI). This agency was responsible for spreading _____, or information and ideas designed to promote a cause.

Office of War Information propaganda

Throughout the war, magazines and newspapers were filled with ads encouraging people to do their _____ and support the war effort. Inspirational pictures and messages helped promote patriotism and self-sacrifice. "Our fighting forces will do their stuff," promised one ad, "but we at home must do ours."

civic duty

Life in the camps was hard. Many camps were located in barren ___ areas with a harsh climate. Barbed wire and armed guards surrounded the facility. Families lived in ____ quarters with few furnishings. Facilities for education and health care were poor.

desert cramped

You have read about the amazing courage and sacrifice of the Allied soldiers, sailors, and pilots. By the millions, they risked life and limb so that others could enjoy freedom. Many spilled their blood so that others could live. World War II, however, made demands of ___ American. The women, children, and men who remained in the United States played a key role in ensuring success overseas.

every

As you read earlier, millions of Americans made contributions to the war effort by taking jobs in ___ or offices. In addition, life in the American home changed significantly as citizens of all ___ did their part to help the cause of victory in Europe and the Pacific.

factories ages

Other inmates of the internment camps demonstrated their loyalty in different ways. For some, the greatest statement they could make was in keeping ___in the future and in the promise of the country that had imprisoned them.

faith

World War II placed huge demands on the United States. Not only did millions of Americans serve in the armed forces, but people at home had to make do with less—including less ___ and less ___ for harvesting and transporting ____. To help overcome these shortages and preserve precious resources for the military, Americans by the millions planted "_______." In small towns and large cities, any spare piece of land was likely to be used to grow food. People gardened on the rooftops of apartment buildings and in flower boxes outside their windows. School yards, ball fields, and vacant lots were plowed under. Government agencies and private businesses encouraged the effort with posters, seeds, and instructions for gardening.

food fuel crops victory gardens

Meeting the ___ needs of the military took top priority in the United States. The planting of ______, which you read about in the "Inside Story," was one way in which Americans filled these needs. Victory gardens alone did not solve all the nation's food needs. Some foods could not be produced in home gardens, and there was simply not enough of certain products to go around. As a result, the United States began ____ food shortly after the nation entered the war. Rationing means ____ the amount of a certain product each individual can get.

food victory gardens rationing limiting

This effort to win American support for the war effort began even before the United States entered the war. In January 1941, President Roosevelt gave a speech in which he observed that the challenge facing the world was a struggle for basic American values. By supporting its allies overseas, Roosevelt argued, the nation would be working to protect what he called the "_____." These were the freedom of ____, freedom of ____, freedom from ____, and freedom from ____.

four freedoms speech worship want fear

Americans willingly put up with many ___ and made do without many comforts during the war. For many, the hardest part was dealing with the absence of loved ones.

hardships

This forced relocation and confinement to the camps was called ____. It placed many hardships on Japanese Americans. They were allowed to bring only those belongings they could ___. Everything else—homes, businesses, and other property—had to be left behind or sold. Sometimes people were given just days to get rid of their property. As a result, they were forced to accept very low prices for their belongings or were unable to sell them at all. In this way, many Japanese Americans lost their ___ and ___. Confined to camps they were unable to work and pay off ____.

internment carry homes and businesses loans

For many Japanese in America, the desire to prove their ___ to the country was strong. A number of young people from the camps joined the armed forces to help fight the Axis powers. Many became part of the ____ Regimental Combat Team, made up entirely of ___Americans. This unit fought in ___ and had an outstanding record in battle. For the length of time it served, this unit received more ___ and awards than any other of its size in American military history.

loyalty 442nd Japanese Europe medals

While interned, Japanese Americans were required to answer questions about their ___ to the United States. Though ___ Americans and ___ Americans also faced restrictions during the war, they were not forced to answer such questions.

loyalty German Italian

The OWI produced dozens of posters and films during the war. Many of these encouraged a ____ vision of the United States and stressed positive actions. For example, many posters and films encouraged ___to join the fighting forces and ___to take jobs in war industries. Others encouraged positive goals, such saving ____ and working for ____ harmony.

positive men women gasoline racial

American leaders were well aware that ____ for the war effort was vital to its success. In the words of one government publication of the time, "Each word an American utters either helps or hurts the war effort." For this reason, the government made a great effort to shape public attitudes and beliefs.

public support

Not all Japanese Americans accepted their internment peacefully. Incidents of violence and ___ occurred at the camps. In addition, a number of legal challenges were mounted against Japanese internment. One was ________, a landmark Supreme Court case that you will read about at the end of this section. After the war some Japanese Americans continued to speak out against the ____ of their internment. Decades later, the federal government formally acknowledged that it had acted ____. Survivors of the internment received letters of apology and a payment from the government.

resistance Korematsu v. United States injustice unjustly

As part of this effort, the board promoted the ___ drives you read about earlier. The War Production Board also placed limits on ___ manufacturers in order to ensure a supply of fabrics, such as cotton, wool, silk, and nylon. Jackets were only allowed to be a certain length. Skirts and dresses were limited in size as well. It was these restrictions on clothing that played a role in the _____ riots you read about in the last chapter.

scrap clothing zoot suit

Government ____ during the war rose sharply. As you can see from the graph on this page, the high cost of waging war meant a steep increase in the federal budget. Almost all of this increase went to the armed forces. To help pay for the war effort, the federal government increased ______ rates. Before the war, income taxes had been just for the ____, but now millions of Americans paid income taxes for the first time. As one observer noted, "the Kansas wheat farmer, the lumberjack, and the boys around the cracker barrel in the corner grocery are going to have to pay the tax bill this time." As a result American tax revenues jumped from $7.4 billion in 1941 to $43 billion in 1945.

spending income tax wealthy

Right after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, military officials began to investigate the Japanese American community for signs of ___ or other illegal activity. They found no evidence of wrongdoing. In spite of this finding, General ____, the Army officer in charge of the western United States, still recommended that all people of Japanese background be removed from the _____. "The very fact that no sabotage or espionage has taken place," he warned, "is disturbing and confirming indication that such action will take place."

spying John L. DeWitt West Coast

The result of these appeals was amazing. By war's end, 85 million Americans had purchased ___-. This represented well over half of the entire population of the country. The total raised was nearly $185 billion. This amount was twice what the entire federal government spent in the year 1945.

war bonds

During the war, the government rationed products such as coffee, butter, ___, and ____. Each member of the family received a ______, which entitled that person to a certain amount of certain foods. Most people willingly accepted the system. Penalties for breaking the rationing rules could be severe. The war effort also meant shortages of other materials, such as metal, glass, ____, and ____. _____was rationed. Americans helped meet the demand for other materials by holding _____, in which citizens collected waste material of all sorts that might be used in the war efforts.

sugar meat ration book rubber gasoline Gasoline scrap drives

Empty ___, bits of rubber and glass—anything that could be useful was salvaged. Even women's ___ and nylon stockings were recycled to make parachutes. Scrap drives provided a way for young Americans to help with the ____. Scouts and other youth organizations helped lead the way in this important national effort.

tin cans silk war effort