CH 25 Dynamic Study Module

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The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called

Amination

What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?

Conduction

Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively uncommon?

Excessive amounts of these vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.

Which of the following is not one of the N compounds (nitrogen-containing compounds) in the body?

Glucose

Which process in the metabolism of glucose does not require oxygen

Glycoysis

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat?

Lipolysis of brown fat

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

The body cannot synthesize these nutrients in sufficient quantities.

When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell

amino acids

The flow and transformation of energy is called

energetics

In the nutrient pool, which chemical is best suited for storage of energy content

fatty acid

The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

The synthesis of lipids is called

lipogenesis

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called

oxidation

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is

catabolism

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of their metabolic demand is met through the

catabolism of fatty acids

What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis

formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid

Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited

free fatty acids

The most important factor of good nutrition is obtaining nutrients __________.

in sufficient quantities and qualities

Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she cannot lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that brown fat is present primarily in __________.

infants

Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur

inner mitochondrial membrane

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

intrinsic factor

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

it becomes part of a water molecule

What is the primary focus of nutritional processing in the postabsorptive state

maintaining blood glucose levels

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called

metabolism

Which part of the cell is most heavily involved in energetics

mitochondria

During the catabolism of glucose, some energy is captured by __________ molecules, while the rest of the energy is lost mainly as ________.

reduced; heat

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP

removal of electrons from substrates

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

If excess glucose remains in the blood circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use the glucose to

synthesize triglycerides

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is

the absorptive state

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP

the diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane

An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains

36 molecules of ATP

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

What is meant by the term balanced diet?

A balanced diet supplies all ingredients to maintain homeostasis.

Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and played with her friends at recess in temperatures just above 20 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, administrators would not close her school until temperatures reached 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?

Acclimatization

Catabolizing fatty acids by beta-oxidation results in the formation of what product

Acetyl-CoA

During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes is induced in the patient's body?

Hypothermia

What is a complete protein?

It contains all the essential amino acids.

What lipoproteins transport cholesterol to cells of the body?

LDL

Which of the following foods are deficient in dietary fiber?

Milk and meat

Which of the following tissues contains no reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose

Neural tissue

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

Niacin

What is the total ATP production just from the acetyl-CoA fragments of an 18-carbon fatty acid

108

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria

pyruvate

Which nutrient in the nutrient pool is most often used to replace structural and functional components of the cell

Amino acids

Which of the following people would not likely be in positive nitrogen balance?

An elderly grandmother

Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing compound that is important for energy storage in muscle tissue?

Creatine

If the cells are catabolizing amino acids for energy, what is the first step in amino acid catabolism

Deamination

Which of the following is NOT a way your body generates or conserves heat?

Decreased metabolic rate

What is the term for an amino acid that either cannot be synthesized or is not synthesized in adequate amounts in the body

Essential amino acid

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol

Glycolysis

Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body?

Thiamine

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?

Vitamin A

The factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy include which of the following

all of the listed responses are correct

Why is it that lipids cannot provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time

all of the listed responses are correct

Metabolism refers to

all the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.

all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism

anabolism

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.

basal metabolic rate

The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments

beta-oxidation

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules can be

catabolized for energy used to build energy reserves and used for growth and tissue repair

Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to the liver

chylmoicrons

The first step in the sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of

citric acid

The mechanism of heat loss that involves the skin and alveoli of the lung is _______.

evaporation

The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is

high density lipoprotein

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur

mitochondrial matrix

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to

obtain energy

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are exported and bound to

proteins

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of

two ATP for the cell

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria

two carbon fragments

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

What is the vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in the deamination process

vitamin B6


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