CH 25 Dynamic Study Module
The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called
Amination
What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?
Conduction
Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively uncommon?
Excessive amounts of these vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.
Which of the following is not one of the N compounds (nitrogen-containing compounds) in the body?
Glucose
Which process in the metabolism of glucose does not require oxygen
Glycoysis
Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.
HDLs
Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat?
Lipolysis of brown fat
Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?
The body cannot synthesize these nutrients in sufficient quantities.
When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell
amino acids
The flow and transformation of energy is called
energetics
In the nutrient pool, which chemical is best suited for storage of energy content
fatty acid
The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.
iron, zinc, copper, and manganese
The synthesis of lipids is called
lipogenesis
Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as
lipoproteins and free fatty acids
In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called
oxidation
The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is
catabolism
In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of their metabolic demand is met through the
catabolism of fatty acids
What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis
formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid
Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited
free fatty acids
The most important factor of good nutrition is obtaining nutrients __________.
in sufficient quantities and qualities
Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she cannot lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that brown fat is present primarily in __________.
infants
Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.
intrinsic factor
What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
it becomes part of a water molecule
What is the primary focus of nutritional processing in the postabsorptive state
maintaining blood glucose levels
All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called
metabolism
Which part of the cell is most heavily involved in energetics
mitochondria
During the catabolism of glucose, some energy is captured by __________ molecules, while the rest of the energy is lost mainly as ________.
reduced; heat
What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP
removal of electrons from substrates
A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would
slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins
If excess glucose remains in the blood circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use the glucose to
synthesize triglycerides
The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is
the absorptive state
The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP
the diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane
An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains
36 molecules of ATP
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.
70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual
What is meant by the term balanced diet?
A balanced diet supplies all ingredients to maintain homeostasis.
Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and played with her friends at recess in temperatures just above 20 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, administrators would not close her school until temperatures reached 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?
Acclimatization
Catabolizing fatty acids by beta-oxidation results in the formation of what product
Acetyl-CoA
During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes is induced in the patient's body?
Hypothermia
What is a complete protein?
It contains all the essential amino acids.
What lipoproteins transport cholesterol to cells of the body?
LDL
Which of the following foods are deficient in dietary fiber?
Milk and meat
Which of the following tissues contains no reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose
Neural tissue
NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?
Niacin
What is the total ATP production just from the acetyl-CoA fragments of an 18-carbon fatty acid
108
What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria
pyruvate
Which nutrient in the nutrient pool is most often used to replace structural and functional components of the cell
Amino acids
Which of the following people would not likely be in positive nitrogen balance?
An elderly grandmother
Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing compound that is important for energy storage in muscle tissue?
Creatine
If the cells are catabolizing amino acids for energy, what is the first step in amino acid catabolism
Deamination
Which of the following is NOT a way your body generates or conserves heat?
Decreased metabolic rate
What is the term for an amino acid that either cannot be synthesized or is not synthesized in adequate amounts in the body
Essential amino acid
Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol
Glycolysis
Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body?
Thiamine
Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?
Vitamin A
The factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy include which of the following
all of the listed responses are correct
Why is it that lipids cannot provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time
all of the listed responses are correct
Metabolism refers to
all the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body
Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.
all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism
anabolism
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.
basal metabolic rate
The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments
beta-oxidation
When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules can be
catabolized for energy used to build energy reserves and used for growth and tissue repair
Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to the liver
chylmoicrons
The first step in the sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of
citric acid
The mechanism of heat loss that involves the skin and alveoli of the lung is _______.
evaporation
The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is
high density lipoprotein
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to
obtain energy
Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are exported and bound to
proteins
For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of
two ATP for the cell
All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria
two carbon fragments
Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are
usually unable to metabolize other molecules
What is the vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in the deamination process
vitamin B6
