Ch 25 Pediatric
A mother is discussing her 10-month old boy with the nurse. Which comment indicates a need for teaching?
"He loves being in his walker and 'zips' around the house." Walkers are safety hazards and not recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. They cause falls plus promote the ability to reach items on surfaces otherwise inaccessible. The other comments are age appropriate and acceptable practice.
A young breastfeeding mother calls the telephone nurse because she is concerned about her 3-month-old's stools. Which statement is of concern?
"The stools are foamy and smell terrible." This may indicate a digestive problem or illness. The physician or nurse practitioner should be contacted. All the other statements describe normal stooling.
The nurse is teaching the mother of a 5-month-old boy who is concerned about thumb sucking. Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan? Select all that apply.
Assuring the mother this behavior won't cause malocclusion
A father mentioned to the nurse that his usually smiling, happy 8-month-old boy was clingy and intensely serious when his grandmother visited from a distant city. The nurse explained the child was experiencing:
Stranger anxiety Stranger anxiety occurs around 8 months and manifests as the father described. This behavior indicates the infant sees himself as a separate person. The other options are incorrect and not related to social/emotional development.
A mother is concerned that her infant is not gaining adequate weight. The baby is 6 weeks old. Birth weight was 7 pounds 8 ounces (3,400 g). The child should weigh about __________________.
9 pounds (4.32 kg) The child should gain about 20 to 30 g daily while making up the common 10% weight loss following birth.
The nurse is helping the mother of a 5-month-old boy understand the importance of developmentally appropriate play. Which one of the toys best meets the needs of this child?
A yellow rubber duck for the bath The rubber duck is most appropriate. It is safe, is visually stimulating while bobbing on the water, and adds pleasure to bath time. A push-pull toy promotes skill for a walking infant. Pots and pans from the kitchen cupboard are played with successfully after sitting is mastered. A 5-month-old does not have the fine motor coordination to use stacking toys.
Parents complain of being "worn out" at their child's 6-month check-up because their boy awakens each night and cries. The nurse suggests which measures? Select all that apply.
At bedtime, rock the child to sleep and then place in crib. Bedtime rituals and minimal interactions during night awakening both promote sleep. Adding rice cereal to bottles does not promote sleeping through the night and isn't recommended. Putting the infant asleep into the crib does not teach the child to self-soothe and fall asleep independently.
A staff nurse is talking about Piaget's theory with a nursing student. Infants are in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development during which object permanence is mastered. An example of an infant displaying this ability is:
Looking for a toy in her crib at the last place she saw it Looking for the toy where it was last seen indicates object permanence. The infant knows the object still exists even though she cannot see it. All the rest of the infant behaviors show use of her senses and motor activity but do not illustrate object permanence.
A 12-month-old seen at a walk-in clinic weighed 8 pounds 4 ounces (3.75 kg) at birth. Weight now is 20 pounds 8 ounces (9.3 kg). The nurse determines:
The child weighs less than expected for age. Birth weight should triple by 12 months. The child should weigh near 24 pounds 12 ounces (11.25 kg). The child is underweight for age.
The nurse is conducting a physical examination of a 5-month-old boy. Which of the following observations may be cause for concern about the infant's neurologic development?
The infant displays an asymmetric tonic neck reflex (fencing reflex). The tonic neck reflex normally disappears by age 4 months, the palmar grasp reflex by age 6 months, and the Babinski reflex (fanning of toes when sole of foot stroked) by 12 months. Retaining these primitive reflexes may indicate a neurologic abnormality. The anterior fontanel, which remains open for brain growth, closes between 12 and 18 months of age.
The nurse is assessing development of a 4-month-old boy during a well-child visit. Which of the following observations needs further investigation?
The infant responds to his mother when he sees her but not at other times when she is near.
The nurse is examining an 8-month-old girl for appropriate development during a regular check-up. Which of the following observations points to a developmental risk?
Uses only the left hand to grasp Favoring one hand over the other may be a warning sign that proper motor development is not occurring in the other arm or hand. Grasping small objects with the entire hand is common at 8 months and precedes the pincer grasp, which is used about 2 months later. Crawling with stomach down and being unable to pull to standing are abilities that may not occur for 4 to 8 weeks.
Place these primitive protective reflexes of infancy in the order in which they will disappear as the child matures.
step, root, morro, palmer, plantar, babinski
The nurse is preparing a list of abilities of 10-month-olds to use in teaching a parenting group. Which of the following should appear at this age?
Cruises around furniture At 10 months, this ability appears and is practiced often in preparation for later independent walking. All the rest of the skills take an additional 2 months to develop and appear around age 1 year.
The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance regarding the respiratory development of a 4-week-old girl for her mother. Which of the following is accurate?
Explaining to the mother the risk for infection is high due to the lack of antibodies Attributing frequent infections to a lack of antibodies is accurate. The infant lacks IgA in the mucosal lining of the upper respiratory tract. The infant's respiratory rate drops to 20 to 30 breaths per minute by the end of the first year. Abdominal breathing persists until 6 to 12 years of age. The respiratory system matures by age 7 years.
The infant in the exam room has the following signs and symptoms. Which ones will the nurse attribute to teething? Select all that apply.
Irritability and awakening from sleep
The nurse is caring for a 5-week-old infant who is spitting up "all the time." This is the mother's first child. Which of the following should be the priority nursing intervention?
Observe the mother while she feeds and burps her infant. Assessing the mother's feeding and burping technique is the first nursing action needed. The mother may be overfeeding or inadequately burping the child. Recommending smaller and more frequent feedings would be determined by the assessment. Assuring the mother that some spitting up is normal and describing the capacity of the infant's stomach is information helpful to parenting but not the priority.
What feeding practice used by the parents of an 8-month-old should the nurse discourage?
Placing all liquids given the child in a "no spill" sippy cup No spill sippy cups promote sucking rather than teach cup drinking. Reserve these for times avoiding spills is essential. The other feeding practices are age appropriate and safe. Soft table and finger foods promote accepting new textures and self-feeding. Reoffering rejected food allows the child to accept it when ready. Including the infant at the family table provides for modeling of eating behaviors and socialization.
The nurse is promoting a healthy diet to the mother of a 6-month-old girl. Which of the following would have the most effect on the infant's neurologic development?
Promoting continuation of breastfeeding Continuing to breastfeed ensures the proper level of nutritional fat for myelination of the nervous system. Having adequate dietary iron would help prevent anemia as the stores from fetal development are depleted. Promoting increased intake of solid foods is not necessary at 6 months and may diminish the amount of breast milk consumed. Fruit juice in the diet is not recommended. Fruits provide more nutrition and will soon be gradually added to the infant's diet.
The nurse pulls the 5-month-old to sitting position from supine and notes head lag. The nurse's response is to:
Refer the infant for developmental and/or neurologic evaluation. There should be no head lag by 4 months. Head lag in the 5-month-old may indicate motor or neurologic problems and needs immediate follow-up. All other nursing actions indicate failure to recognize the problem.