CH: 27

What effect does prolonged sweating have on sodium ion levels?

A loss of sodium ions from the ECF

An abnormally high level of which electrolyte could be caused by hyperparathyroidism and would result in kidney stones, confusion, muscle pain, and cardio arrhythmias?

Calcium

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT a. Causing the release of ADH b. Decreasing sodium loss in urine c. Triggering the secretion of aldosterone d. Stimulating thirst

Causing the release of ADH

Extracellular fluids in the body consist of all of the following EXCEPT_______ a. Cytosol b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Aqueous humor d. Lymph

Cytosol

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by _______

An imbalance between sodium gains and losses

Which of the following would NOT be associated with a sensation of increased thirst? a. Decrease in the production of ADH b. Increase in the production of angiotensin II c. Increase in renin secretion d. Increase in the production of ADH

Decrease in the production of ADH

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperkalemia? a. Decreased blood volume b. Chronically low blood pH c. Kidney damage or disease d. Some diuretics

Decreased blood volume

When water losses outpace water gains, ________ occurs.

Dehydration

Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via_____.

Diffusion and active transport

A fluid shift of abnormally large amounts of water from the plasma into the interstitial fluid is called ______

Edema

Which of the following is a cause of a fluid shift?

Excessive sweating Drinking a large volume of water Diarrhea

What is the term for an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the ECF?

Hypernatremia

What is the term for an abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood?

Hypokalemia

What would happen if you ate a large quantity of salty potato chips whiteout drinking anything?

Secretion of ADH would increase

Which of the following is NOT a source of water gains? a. Sensible perspiration b. Liquid c. Food d. Metabolism

Sensible perspiration

What would be the effect on the osmotic concentration of blood plasma if you were in the desert without water for a day?

The osmotic concentration of your plasma would increase because of water leaving your body

Which of the following represents the largest volume of water lost each day under normal physiological conditions?

Urine

What is meant by the term METABOLIC WATER?

Water generated during oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle for understanding fluid and electrolyte balance?

Water moves into and out of cells by active transport

The body content of water will rise is ______

Intake exceeds outflow

Potassium ions are found in the highest concentration in which of the following fluid compartments?

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to _______

Keep the sodium concentration constant

What would be the response of the body to an increase in ECF volume if you were to drink a large quantity of a sports drink?

Natriuretic peptides would be released by cardiac muscle cells Increased water and sodium loss in the urine Decreased thirst

Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment, composed of our body fluids. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes for stabilizing body fluid volumes? a. Nutrient balance b. Acid-base balance c. Electrolyte balance d. Fluid balance

Nutrient balance

Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water?

Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise