Ch. 28 Reproduction

Which of the following structures are not found in the spermatic cord? A. Dartos muscle and cremaster muscle B. Ductus deferens and branches of the genitofermoral nerve C. Testicular artery and deferential artery D. Pampiniform plexus of a testicular vein

A. Dartos muscle and cremaster muscle

Which of the following is not a peripheral effect of testosterone? A. Facilitates both spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis B. Stimulates bone and muscle growth C. Establishes and maintains male secondary sex characteristics D. Maintains libido

A. Facilitates both spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

Which of the following is true regarding meiosis? A. Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I, and sister chromatids separate during meiosis II. B. Sister chromatids separate during meiosis I, and homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis II. C. The products of meiosis I are diploid, while the products of meiosis II are haploid. D. Equatorial division is followed by reductional division.

A. Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I, and sister chromatids separate during meiosis II.

Which of the following male reproductive structures is responsible for conducting semen into the vagina of the female? A. Penis B. Epididymis C. Ductus deferens D. Ejaculatory duct

A. Penis

Which of the following is not true of testosterone? A. Testosterone is a protein. B. About two-thirds of testosterone is bound to gonadal-binding globulin (GBG), which carries testosterone throughout the body. C. About one-third of testosterone is bound to albumin. D. Testosterone diffuses across the plasma membrane of target cells and binds to an intracellular receptor, which then directly binds to DNA in the nucleus.

A. Testosterone is a protein.

Which of the following does not occur during spermiogenesis? A. The majority of the cytoplasm is shed. B. The mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are packaged into the head of the sperm. C. The acrosome and nucleus are packaged into the head of the sperm. D. The mitochondria are packaged into the middle piece of the sperm.

B. The mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are packaged into the head of the sperm.

Which of the following statements about the bulbourethral glands is incorrect? A. They are also called Cowper's glands. B. They contribute approximately 25 percent of the semen volume. C. They secrete an alkaline mucous to neutralize any urinary acids in the urethra. D. They are located at the base of the penis.

B. They contribute approximately 25% of the semen volume

Which of the following statements about the vagina is not true? A. The vagina contains rugae. B. The hymen separates the vagina and the vestibule until the initial sexual intercourse. C. During pregnancy, the vagina produces progesterone. D. At the proximal end of the vagina is the external cervical os.

C. During pregnancy, the vagina produces progesterone.

Which statement about oogenesis mentions the one characteristic that is the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A. Meiosis is not completed in the ovary. B. Meiosis in the primary oocyte exhibits unequal division of the cytoplasm. C. Meiosis in oogenesis reduces the chromosome number by half. D. Meiosis produces one mature egg.

C. Meiosis in oogenesis reduces the chromosome number by half.

Which of the following is not consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? A. Occurs as testosterone levels drop B. Can constrict the urethra and the rectum C. Occurs as estrogen levels drop D. Occurs in men over the age of 50

C. Occurs as estrogen levels drop

Which of the following are not correctly paired male-female homologous structures? A. Bulbourethral glands; greater vestibular glands B. Testes; ovaries C. Scrotum; labia minora D. Penis; clitoris

C. Scrotum; labia minor

The functions of the sustentacular cells (nurse cells) in the male include all of the following except? A. Support of spermiogenesis B. Secretion of inhibin- and androgen-binding protein C. Secretion of testosterone D. Maintenance of the blood-testis barrier

C. Secretion of testosterone

For a sperm to be able to fertilize an egg, it must undergo capacitation, which does not involve what process? A. Mixing of the sperm with fluid from the seminal vesicles B. None of the listed responses is correct. C. Sperm mixing with secretions from the bulbourethral gland D. Sperm dealing with the conditions in the female reproductive tract

C. Sperm mixing with secretions from the bulbourethral gland

For normal human reproduction to occur, which of the following organ systems would not necessarily have to function normally? A. Cardiovascular system B. Nervous system C. Digestive system D. Endocrine system

C. digestive system

A woman seeking to become pregnant could do which of the following to determine when she might be ovulating? A. Count the number of days that have passed since the onset of her last menses B. Record her basal body temperature C. Look for a thinning in the cervical mucus D. All of the listed responses are correct.

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is the correct order for the events of the male sexual response? A. Erection arousal emission ejaculation resolution detumescence B. Arousal erection emission ejaculation detumescence resolution C. Arousal erection emission resolution detumescence ejaculation D. Arousal erection emission ejaculation resolution detumescence

D. Arousal - erection - emission - ejaculation -resolution - detumescence

Which of the following do(es) NOT contribute to semen production? A. Prostate gland B. Testes C. Seminal vesicles D. Endometrial glands

D. Endometrial glands

Which of the following is not found in seminal fluids? A. Prostaglandins B. Seminal plasmin C. Fructose D. Smegma

D. Smegma

The body of the spermatic cord is a structure that includes which of the following? A. Vas deferens, prostate gland, blood vessels, and urethra B. Epididymis, ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves C. Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands D. Ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

What is the benefit of increased vestibular gland secretion in the female?

Easier insertion of the penis into the vagina during intercourse

Which hormone causes the development of secondary follicles into tertiary follicles?

FSH

What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce?

Progesterone

Which of the following states the correct order in which are cells produced in spermatogenesis? A. Spermatogonium a spermatid a primary spermatocyte a secondary spermatocyte a sperm B. Spermatogonium a primary spermatocyte a secondary spermatocyte a spermatid a sperm C. Spermatogonium a primary spermatocyte a spermatid a secondary spermatocyte a sperm D. Spermatid a primary spermatocyte a secondary spermatocyte a spermatogonium a sperm

Spermatogonium a primary spermatocyte a secondary spermatocyte a spermatid a sperm

The rupture of the follicular wall and ovulation are caused by __________.

a sudden surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) concentration

All of the following are associated with infertility except ____________.

a surge of LH

If menarche does not appear by age 16, or if the normal uterine cycle of an adult woman is disrupted for six months or more, the condition is called_____________.

amenorrhea

Decline of the testosterone levels in men between the ages of 50 and 60 results in __________.

andropause

The mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus is the __________.

broad ligament

When sperm become motile and fully functional, they have undergone __________.

capacitation

What is the lowest, or most distal, part of the uterus?

cervix

Transport of oocytes toward the uterus occurs in the uterine tubes by a combination of __________.

ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions

Which female reproductive structure most resembles the penis in the male?

clitoris

What is the role of the endocrine system in reproduction?

coordinating reproductive events

What is formed from the remaining follicle cells that are not ovulated with the secondary oocyte?

corpus luteum

Which muscle is part of the spermatic cord?

cremaster muscle

When one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum by birth, it is called _____________.

cryptorchidism

The reproductive structures in the perineal region are called __________.

external genitalia

The dropping levels of estrogen and progesterone seem to be the cause of the onset of menopause and its symptoms. What is the approximate number of primordial follicles in the ovary of a woman of age 50?

few to no primordial follicles

The hormone that promotes spermatogenesis along the seminiferous tubules is __________.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which part of the uterus is lost during menses?

functional zone

Starting at the superior end, the uterus in the female is divided into __________.

fundus, body, and cervix

What is the term for the organs that produce gametes and hormones?

gonads

The process of erection involves complex neural procedures that include __________.

increased parasympathetic outflow over the pelvic nerves

Which cells in the testes are responsible for producing testosterone and other androgens?

interstitial cells

All of the following are associated with menopause except ____________.

low levels of LH

In females between the ages of 45 and 55, ovulation and menstruation cease in a phase of life called __________.

menopause

Which of the following is the muscular layer of the uterus?

myometrium

What would happen if a male were unable to contract the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles?

no ejaculation

During oogenesis, meiosis produces how many functional gametes?

one

The process of oogenesis produces three nonfunctional polar bodies that eventually disintegrate, plus __________.

one functional ovum

What is a possible problem in the female body as a result of menopause?

osteoporosis

The female gonad is the

ovary

What structure is the female gonad?

ovary

What does it take for an ovulated oocyte to become a mature ovum?

penetration by a sperm

What is the combination of a primary oocyte and a single layer of follicle cells called?

primordial follicle

The principal hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is __________.

progesterone

Which reproductive gland encircles the urethra as it leaves the bladder and produces an acidic fluid that contributes to semen?

prostate gland

Men over the age of 50 are periodically screened for prostate cancer by measuring the blood for elevated levels of ______________.

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

The prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral glands do NOT __________.

provide chemicals to make the female's vagina more acidic

What is the function of the ducts of the reproductive systems?

receiving and transporting gametes

What is the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?

regulating the temperature of the testes

The fleshy pouch that suspends the testes outside of the body cavity is the __________.

scrotum

The external genitalia of the male are the

scrotum and penis

The seminal vesicles

secrete a fructose-rich, mucoid substance

The accessory organs in the male that secrete into the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra are the __________.

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

What is produced by spermiogenesis?

sperm

Which cells in the seminiferous tubules regularly undergo mitosis?

spermatogonia

What is the term for the human male gamete?

spermatozoon

The male gonad is the

testis

Impotence, a common male sexual dysfunction, is __________.

the inability to achieve or maintain an erection

The dense layer of connective tissue that directly covers the testes is the __________.

tunica albuginea

The three masses of erectile tissue that compose the body of the penis are __________.

two cylindrical corpora cavernosa and a slender corpus spongiosum

What female reproductive structure receives the ovum from the ovary during ovulation?

uterine tube

Which of the following statements about the uterine tubes is not true? A. They are passageways for the elimination of menstrual fluids. B. They perform peristaltic contractions to propel the egg toward the uterus. C. Each consists of an ampulla, isthmus, and infundibulum. D. They provide a nutrient-rich environment containing lipids and glycogen.

A. They are passageways for the elimination of menstrual fluids.

Which of the following is accurate regarding the events of fertilization? A. Two haploid gametes combine to make the diploid zygote. B. Two haploid gonads combine to make the diploid zygote. C. Two diploid gametes combine to make the haploid zygote. D. Two diploid gonads combine to make the hapoid zygote.

A. Two haploid gametes combine to make the diploid zygote.

Seminiferous tubules and newly produced sperm are separated from the general circulation and the immune system by all of the following except ______________. A. blood-brain barrier B. nurse cells C. tight junctions D. blood-tesis barrier

A. blood-brain barrier

What does not occur in the female reproductive system as a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A. Increased sensitivity of the nipples B. Decreased secretions from the vestibular glands C. Clitoral erection D. Increased sections of the cervical mucous glands

B. Decreased secretions from the vestibular glands

Which of the following is not a correct way in which the reproductive system hormones interact with other body systems? A. Testosterone accelerates muscle and bone growth. B. Estrogen stimulates the lengthening of long bones of females at puberty. C. Estrogen helps maintain healthy vessels and slow the development of atherosclerosis. D. Testosterone and estrogen affect the CNS development and sexual behaviors.

B. Estrogen stimulates the lengthening of long bones of females at puberty.

Which of the following hormones is not properly matched with its source and primary effects? A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates FSH secretion and LH synthesis. B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone. C. Androgens are produced by the interstitial cells of the testes and promotes the maturation of sperm. D. Progesterone is produced by granulosa cells of the corpus luteum and stimulates endometrial growth.

B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

Which of the following hormones is not properly matched with its source and primary effects? A. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum in females. B. Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates FSH secretion and LH synthesis in females. C. Estrogens are produced by the granulosa and thecal cells and stimulate the repair and proliferation of the endometrium. D. Inhibin is produced by the nurse cells of the testes and inhibits the secretion of FSH.

B. Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates FSH secretion and LH synthesis in females.

Which of the following terms is not specifically used to describe egg and sperm? A. Formed by meiosis B. Gonads C. Gametes D. Haploid

B. Gonads

Which of the following is not true of the epididymis? A. It monitors and adjusts the compostition of the fluids produced by the seminiferous tubules. B. It connects the ductus deferens with the seminal vesicle. C. It stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation. D. It acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm.

B. It connects the ductus deferens with the seminal vesicle.

Which correctly describes mitosis and meiosis? A. Mitosis involves separation of homologous chromosomes, whereas meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids. B. Mitosis creates genetically identical cells, whereas meiosis creates genetically unique cells. C. Mitosis creates haploid cells, whereas meiosis creates diploid cells. D. Spermatogonia undergo meiosis, whereas primary spermatocytes undergo mitosis.

B. Mitosis creates genetically identical cells, whereas meiosis creates genetically unique cells.

Engorgement of the erectile tissues of the clitoris and increased secretion of the greater vestibular glands involve neural activity from which of the following? A. All of the listed responses are correct. B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Somatic motor neurons D. Sympathetic nervous system

B. Parasympathetic nervous system

What hormone produced by the nurse cells depresses the formation of FSH and provides a negative feedback mechanism for the control of spermatogenesis?

Inhibin

Which hormone acts to reduce the rate at which the anterior pituitary produces FSH?

Inhibin

What happens to the chromosome number as a result of meiosis?

It is reduced by half

What is the hormone that directly stimulates testosterone production?

LH

What are the three sequential stages of the uterine cycle?

Menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

The enzymes needed to bore into the corona radiata reside in which portion of the sperm?

acrosomal cap

Enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the ovum, or egg, are in the ________ of the sperm cell.

acrosome

In a 28-day cycle, estrogen levels peak at __________.

day 14

The movement of blood out of the erectile tissue results in _______.

detumescence

Powerful, rhythmic contractions in the ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles of the pelvic floor produce what result?

ejaculation

The secretions of the seminal vesicles are discharged into the _________________.

ejaculatory duct

The process of pushing fluid and sperm into the prostatic urethra is called __________.

emission

What event during sexual intercourse happens in the male but does not happen in the female?

emission and ejaculation

Whether or not fertilization occurs, the final destination of the ovum is the __________.

endometrium

The histological composition of the uterine wall consists of the __________.

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium