ch 3

scarlet fever

A disease caused by a strain of streptococcus that produces an erythrogenic toxin leading to the development of a red rash and a strawberry-colored tongue.

National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS)

A disease-specific surveillance system for TB. mandates that state health departments report when a person tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP)

A disease-specific surveillance system implemented to provide data on the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains circulating in Europe

diptheria

An upper respiratory tract infection caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae

the first significant food borne pathogen was _____

E. coli

on a typical day, more than half of the hospital beds in sub saharan africa are occipied by patients suffering from ___ diseases

fecal-related

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

federal agency charged with the safety, labeling, and packaging of the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, eggs

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

federal agency tasked with protecting people from health, safety, and security threats. focus is on disease control and prevention.

_____ were responsible for the greatest percentage of food borne outbreaks in the US from 2009 to 2016

fish

epidemologic, traceback, and ___ types of data are gathered to link illnesses to foodborne disease outbreaks

food and environmental testing

surveillance systems

formal system in place to collect data to monitor the presence of infectious disease outbreaks and ID pathogens causing disease outbreaks. the 3 surveillance strategies are disease specific, syndrome/symptom based, and event

diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, soft stools. Can be caused by a variety of bacterial, parasitic, or viral pathogens

pathogens that cause ______ may be present in outhouse or port potties

gastroenteritis or diarrhea

___ is a disease associated with improper sanitation

gastroenteritis/diarrhea

___prevents the spread of infectious diseases

hand washing

the Kampung Improvement Program in Indonesia focused on ____

improving sanitation

climate change may be associated with an increase in ___ diseases

infectious

prions

infectious, highly stable, mis-folded proteins that can cause neurological disease; do not contain DNA or RNA

____ is not a disease associated with contaminated water options: influenza cholera dysentery giardiasis

influenza

basic drinking water service

it takes no more than 30 mins per round trip from an improved water source

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

largest research institution in the US tasked with biomedical and public health research

oral-fecal mode of transmission

mode of pathogen transmission where pathogens present in the feces of one person are passed to the mouth of another person. primarily caused by inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. disease passed in this manner also occur thru ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water

Sulabh International Museum of Toilets

museum in New Delhi, India that features a collection of artifacts, pictures, and objects illustrating the historical development of toilets. a top tourist attraction of the world

salvarsan

one of the first drugs developed to treat syphilis caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

Guinea worm disease

parasitic infection caused by consumption of larvae of Dracunculus medinesis, a nematode roundworm, in contaminated drinking water. results in the formation of excruciatingly painful lesions as the mature worms slowly emerge from the body. disease is a problem in africa and the target of numerous eradication effort. aka dracunculiasis

____ is a method used to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes in milk

pasteurization

hygeine

practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of infectious diseases

sanitation

provision of clean water and waste disposal in order to prevent spread of infectious diseases

World Toilet Day

public health campaign devoted to the promotion of sanitation worldwide in efforts to reduce the incidence of disease nov 19

quarantine signs

public health strategy used in 20s and 50s to ID homes in which an individual was suffering from a contagious disease. signs were placed on the entrance of homes so that visitors would not enter the homes of quarantines individuals

HealthMap reports disease outbreaks in ____ time or ____ time

real time or near real time

improving ____ is an example of a basic measure needed in order to improve human health and prevent the spread of infectious diseases

sanitation

disease-specific surveillance

surveillance of a disease through numerous tracking systems. targets a specific disease or set of symptoms in a defined population

syndrome/symptom-based surveillance

surveillance systems are based on the real time (or near real time) tracking of data on the occurrence of syndromes or symptoms to ID potential public health threats

the sharing of ___ by the romans in public toilets likely contributed to the spread of diseases

tersorium (butt brush)

United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF)

the United Nations agency charged w providing humanitarian assistance to mothers and children in developing countries, including providing health care, immunizations, nutrition, access to safe water and sanitation, and emergency relief

real-time data collection

the collection of surveillance data within milliseconds of its recording in order to ID potential public health threats

urbanization

the gradual increase in people moving from rural areas to more populated cities and urban centers

sludge

the product of the conversion of waste material that may be used as fertilizer aka biosolid

biosolids

the product of the conversion of waste material that may be used as fertilizer aka sludge

safely managed drinking water

the use of an improved drinking water source that is located on the premises, available when needed and free of fecal and chemical contamination

mycotoxin

toxins produced by fungi that are capable of causing disease and death in other organisms

one should ___ for 20 seconds before preparing food for consumption

wash their hands

what were key aspects of the development of sanitation

-groundbreaking discoveries in bacteriology by people like Pasteur, Koch: germ theory of disease established, microbes linked to poor sanitation and disease, germ theory was embraced in Europe and the US, sanitary engineers and bacteriologists flourished *sanitation was "in"* -Marine Hospital Service developed which monitored cholera in immigrants via Ellis Island (forerunner to NIH) -in 1900 40 states had health departments -improvements in public health strategies to control infectious diseases: malaria, plague, TB and other diseases were markedly reduced; improvements in water chlorination, food production and distribution, housing, control of TB and venereal diseases, animal and pest control, and garbage disposal *public health departs changed from meeting urgent needs to delivering health services* -golden age of public health in 20th century bc LEB went up so much

compare/contrast the three methods of surveillance

1. disease-specific surveillance: targets a specific disease or set of symptoms in a defined population. Disease-specific surveillance can be done with a wide range of pathogens and is useful for following disease trends. ex: the National TB Surveillance System in the US collects info on TB cases. If a person tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the state health department sends an anonymous report to the NTSS. The NTSS then summarizes all data received, which is subsequently provided to the CDC for publication. ex: the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme was implemented to provide data on the antibiotic susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae strains circulating in Europe. 2. Syndrome/Symptom-based surveillance: These surveillance systems are based on real-time data collection. The real-time (or near real-time) tracking of data on the occurrence of syndromes or symptoms to identify potential public health threats. The data collected are nonspecific indicators of the health status of a population, such as school or work absenteeism rates. These reporting or tracking systems can be automatically generated and used to assist public health leaders in making decisions about the implementation of programs and policies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. ex: the Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE I, 1999) was used to perform worldwide monitoring of the health status of all army personnel in all US treatment facilities. ESSENCE II, the latest version, performs automated surveillance of military and civilian medical data. 3. Event surveillance: The gathering of data from diverse Internet sources in real time or near-real time (e.g., ProMED-mail, HealthMap, Flu Near You). Data are collected from news or online discussion platforms in various languages to detect potential or confirmed epidemics. Event surveillance systems also can be used to monitor developing countries and gather data in multiple languages in order to detect true global epidemics.

what are the three types of data the CDC uses to track illnesses back to food

1. epidemiological 2. traceback 3. food and environmental testing

Less than ____ % of the Earth's water can be used and reused as freshwater

2.5

the ____ century in America could be called the golden age of public health

20th

Electronic Surveillance System for Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE 1)

A symptom based surveillance network implemented as a collaboration between the US Department of Defense and Johns Hopkins Universitys Applied Physics Lab to provide real time tracking of data on the occurrence of syndromes or symptoms to ID potential public health threats. it was used to perform worldwide monitoring of the health status of all army personnel in all US treatment facilities.

mad cow disease

A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle caused by prions that results in spongy degeneration of the brain accompanied by severe and fatal neurological damage, aka bone spongiform encephalopathy

Emergency and Disaster Information Service

A well known event surveillance system that monitors and documents all the events on Earth that may cause disaster or emergency, with a focus on events endangering the US

ProMED-mail

event surveillance system that promotes communication among professionals in the international infectious disease community

___ is an example of a disease-specifc surveillance system

Euro-GASP (or Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program) or NTSS (National TB Surveillance System)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Federal agency tasked with protecting the environment by maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws. The agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education.

event surveillance

Gathering of data from diverse internet sources in real time or near real time. data are collected from news or online discussion platforms in various language to detect potential or confirmed epidemics

List and briefly discuss problems that compromise human health in large refugee camps.

Large refugee camps presents a multitude of problems. A major one that sticks out is the fact that there are so many people in close quarters. For example, if just one person catches any sort of communicable disease, it will likely spread very rapidly among the rest of the refugees. Also, because there are so many of them, it is likely that any health issues they come across will not be addressed immediately. For example, if someone gets sick, they probably will not get attention for a few days because of the sheer amount of other people that have other problems needing to be addressed. Another key problem that could arise would be if a refugee becomes/is pregnant. The attention that is required during prenatal care is very important and probably would not be received as often as needed with so many people, along with the fact that people in refugee camps are normally not the government's top priority.

Explain why life expectancy increased in many nations over the 20th

Life expectancy increased over the last century because of the development of sanitation. With scientists like Pasteur, Koch, and more, their discoveries in bacteriology were critical in the development of sanitation. For example, the germ theory of disease was really what kick started the growth of sanitation because we realized that diseases were linked to microbes all around us.

Describe the work of local health department as partners in the control of infectious diseases.

Local health departments have come along way. In the early 1900s, not even every state had a health department, and the ones that did exist were driven by urgent needs only. Now, local health departments have transformed into an organized approach that is much more proactive, rather than reactive. They even came up with strategies to control infectious diseases like malaria, TB, and the plague. Current health departments collect data, monitor environmental health and food safety, take preventative measures for diseases before they even become a problem, and more. Public health departments are key players in monitoring the spread of infectious disease, and also really preventing epidemics in the first place.

arsenic

Naturally occurring element that may contaminate groundwater resources. Usually excreted from the body, but ingestion of excess amount can result in accumulation and adverse health effects

Carter Center

Nonprofit foundation founded by former president Jimmy Carter. One of the center's missions is to eradicate guinea worm disease based on community-based interventions such as filtering drinking water and keeping people w emerging guinea worms from drinking water sources

Approximately 892 million people still defecate in the open worldwide. (a) Discuss why this is happening. (b) What steps would you take to solve this problem?

People still defecate in public around the world mainly due to a lack of access to real toilets. This is mainly just happening in third world countries, where people cannot afford luxuries like toilets, therefore they have no other option. The first step I would take to solve this problem would be in education. I feel like the major source of the problem lies there because many of these people see defecating in the open their only option, with absolutely no knowledge of the consequences of their actions. If they knew how much of a correlation defecating in the open has with intestinal diseases, they may be more open to working harder at making an infrastructure change that could fix it.

Kampung Improvement Program

Program in Indonesia developed to improve public sanitation in order to reduce disease caused by exposure to the pathogens present in human waste -focus on covering open sanitation drains and bringing reasonably clean water to famillies

Orangi Pilot Project

Program in Pakistan developed to improve public sanitation in order to reduce disease caused by exposure to the pathogens present in human waste

Explain why disease surveillance systems are rapidly growing and evolving.

Surveillance systems are rapidly growing and evolving so that we can have an overall more proactive approach to public health. There are three key strategies that are evolving: disease-specific, syndrome/symptom-based, and event. Each strategy covers a different approach to surveillance. Disease-specific focuses on the trends of a disease, while syndrome/symptom-based looks at real-time data, and event looks at internet sources. This area of focus needs to keep growing so that all of the bases are covered when it comes to following infectious diseases and keeping our population as healthy as possible through preventative measures, rather than curing what has already happened. ESPECIALLY W NEW AND REEMERGING INFECTIONS

what is the purpose of infectious disease surveillance

Surveillance systems must be in place to collect data to monitor the presence of disease outbreaks and identify pathogens causing disease outbreaks.

___ outbreaks have been associated with hurricanes and flooding

diarrheal

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

diseases caused by transmission of microbes from the warm, moist mucous membranes of one individual to the mucous membranes of another individual during sexual contact formerly venereal diseases

Dracunculiasis

a disease caused by the parasitic guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis

PulseNet

a national lab network that compares the DNA fingerprints of bacteria from people w food borne disease to find clusters of disease that might represent unrecognized disease outbreaks

pasteurization

a process of disinfection by which liquids are heated to reduce the number of pathogens

necrotizing fasciitis

a rare condition caused by highly invasive streptococci and other bacteria in which the subcutaneous tissue is infected; the streptococci are sometimes referred to as flesh eating

tube well

a simple device constructed of steel pipes sunk deep into the ground and fitted with a pump handle. the pump is sealed topside to prevent water from leaking back down the pipe. microbes are filtered out as groundwater trickles through the aquifer, resulting in microbiologically safe water

reservoirs

a site in nature where microbes survive and multiply and from which they may be transmitted

malaria

a tropical disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes infected with the Plasmodium protozoan parasite

flu Near you

a web based event surveillance system that has the objective of monitoring influenza outbreaks

Food Safety News

a web based publication dedicated to reporting illnesses associated with food safety

leptospirosis

a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterial spirochete Lebtospira spp. Transmission occurs thru the accidental exposure of contaminated water or soil w urine from an infected rodent. Symptoms range from mild to sever; aka swamp fever, mud fever, autumn fever, rice-field fever, Cane cutter's fever

hand hygeine

act of cleaning hands to remove dirt and microbes. single most important practice in preventing HAIs, as well as infectious disease in daily living. promoted by semmelweis

World Bank

an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital projects, such as the development of sewage disposal systems, water purification, other infrastructure

HealthMap

an internet event surveillance system that aggregates info from multiple info sources for real time surveillance of public health threats

___ had become a serious contaminant of well water in Bangladesh and ground water in the US

arsenic

tersorium

butt brush that ancient Romans used