Ch. 3 or 10/Final Test
social cognitive theory
a cognitive oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences; Albert Bandura
oedipus complex
a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love
response set
a tendency to answer test items according to a bias
creative self
according to adler, the self-aware aspect of personality that strives to achieve its full potential
individual psychology
adler's psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes feelings of inferiority and the creative self
eros
aims to preserve and perpetuate life, fueled by libido
self efficacy expectations
beliefs that we can accomplish certain things, leads to high self-esteem
oedipus and electra complexes are resolved
by age five or six
anal expulsive
carelessness, messiness, etc.
gordon allport
cataloged 18,000 human traits
incest taboo
causes children to not fixate on their parents, but adults or teenagers that resemble them in some regard
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
contains hundred of items presented in a true-false format, helps diagnose psychological disorders
preconscious mind
contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them
unconscious mind
contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression
oral traits
dependency, gullibility, and excessive optimism or pessimism
Thematic Apperception Test
developed by Murray and Morgan, consists of drawings and individuals interpret them. used in research on motivation and in clinical practice.
personal unconscious
developed by jung, contains repressed memories and impulses
Robert McCrae and Paul T. Costa, jr.
developed five factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, extraversion, and neuroticism
psychosocial development
erikson's theory of personality and development, which emphasizes social relationships and eight stages of growth
anal retentive
excessive use of self control
inferiority complex
feelings of inferiority hypothesized by adler to serve as a central motivating force
hippocrates
first began labeling traits as humors
penis envy
girls learn that boys have penises and that they do not and they feel inferior
self-actualization
in humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential
conditional positive regard
judgement of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of the person's behaviors
collective unconscious
jung's hypothesized store of vague memories that represent the history of humankind
repression
psychological defense/defense mechanism
Rorschach Inkblot test
psychological test made of inkblots, provides insight to people's intelligence, etc.
psychoanalytic theory
sigmund freud's perspective, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior
oral fixation
smoking, overeating, alcohol abuse, and nail biting
conditions of worth
standards by which the value of a person is judged
objective tests
tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner; tests whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct
Karen Horney was criticized by
the New York Psychoanalytic Institute
personality
the distinct patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that distinguish people from one another
gender-typing
the process by which male and female come to display behavior patterns consistent with stereotypical masculine and feminine gender roles
ego
the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification
anal stage
the second stage of psychosexual development, when gratification is attained through anal activities
humanism
they view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior
humors
traits labelled by hippocrates. yellow bile/choleric-quick tempered. blood/sanguine-warm and cheerful. phlegm-sluggish, calm, cool. black bile/melancholic-gloomy, pensive.
erogenous zones
different parts of the body where sexual feelings are expressed
sociocultural perspective
the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes
phallic stage
the third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region
gender-schema theory
a cognitive view of gender-typing that proposes that once girls and boys become aware of their anatomic sex, they begin to blend their self-expectation and self-esteem with the ways in which they fit the gender roles prescribed in a given culture
electra complex
a conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her father and resents her mother
ego identity
a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for, people who fail to develop a strong ego identity seem to have problems with intimate relationships later in life
unconditional positive regard
a persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all of the person's behaviors
individualist
a person who defines herself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to her own goals
collectivist
a person who defines herself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals
latency
a phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses
projective test
a psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which the test taker projects his own personality in making a response
trait
a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior
introversion
a trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses
extraversion
a trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely
psychosexual development
in psychoanalytic theory, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development
identification
in psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious adoption of another person's behavior
reliability
in psychological testing, the consistency or stability of test scores from one testing to another
validity
in psychological testing, the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
standardization
in psychological testing, the process by which one obtains and organizes test scores from various population groups, so that the results of a person's completing a test can be compared to those of others of his or her sex, in which his or her age group, etc.
forced choice format
in which respondents are asked to indicate which of two or more statements is more true for them
person variables
include knowledge and skills, ways of interpreting experience, and expectancies, emotions, and self-regulatory systems and plans
situational variables
include rewards and punishments
frames of reference
individual's unique ways of viewing themselves
fixation
insufficient or excessive gratification in any stage can lead to this
hans j. eysenck
introversion-extraverion and emotional stability-instability (emotional instability is neuroticism)
analytical psychology
jung's psychoanalytical theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes
anal fixation
leads to anal retentive or anal expulsive traits
oral stage
the first stage of psychosexual development, during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities
genital stage
the mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender
acculturation
the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes
id
the psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious
conscious experience
the strength of the humanistic approach and it's weakness, because each experience is subjective and private
superego
the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior