Ch 33 Bio 2 Study Guide/Belmont University

Gastropods

- snails, slugs, limpets, and abalones - "stomach-foot" - well-developed head and radulae - gill is lost in terrestrial species, mantle cavity becomes a lung

Mollusca Body plan

-3 body parts -a foot for movement -visceral mass-holds internal organs -Mantle-drapes over VM * mantle which produces the shell

Nematoda characteristics

-Bilateral, Triploblastic, Protostomes -part of Ecdysozoa -Pseudocoelom -Ex.Roundworms, pinworms, Hookworms -no circulatory system -tubluar digestive system-simple,only mouth and anus -aid in decomposition leaf matter, parasitic(plants/animals) -Trichinella- pseudocoelomate; long, smooth, slender bodies tapered at both ends ; cuticle (protective covering)

Arthropoda (jointed foot/limbs)

-Bilateral, Triploblastic, protostomes -Ecdysozoa -Coelomate-true body cavity, many cavity filled with Hemcoel(hemolymph) -Most diverse/most successful

Echinodermata (spiny skin)

-Triploblasitc, Bilateral, deuterostomes, coelmates -spiny skinned of calcium carbonate plates -endoskeleton underneath epidermis All marine -larvae have bilateral symmetry -adults have radial symmetry -loss of cephalization Ex. sea star(starfish), sand dollar

Arthropoda key features

-open circulatory system -gas exchange system(gills, trachea -complete digestive system-mouth and anus -Sensory organs-sophisticated eyes, antenna, smell(olfactory)

Arthropoda body plan

-segmented body -an hard exoskeleton (chitin) molting -jointed appendages

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

2 Major groups of Protostomes

Triploblasts (Bilaterians)

3 germ layers Ectoderm-outside layer Endoderm-layer around some sort of digestive system Mesoderm-everything in middle Bilateral symmetrical-divide in one plain to get two equal halves(Ex human)

Caenorhabditis elegans

959 cells in hermaphroditic adult 1031 cells in adult male

Osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

Cephalopods

A member of a group of molluscs that include squids and octopus

Cnidaria

Aggressive carnivores Tentacles have cnidocytes (specialized cell) Nematocysts=capsule w/stinging threads barbs/may shot toxin(nematocysts in inside of cnidocytes)

Sponges lack __________. (Concept 33.1) true tissues the ability to make organic compounds from CO2 and water a complete digestive tract a nervous system All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. Sponges have no nerves or muscles, and they are suspension feeders that trap food from water circulated through their porous bodies.

Which of the following is/are characteristic of sponges? (Concept 33.1) They have collar cells. They consist of two layers of cells with a noncellular gelatinous layer between them. They have holes, or pores, in specialized cells, through which water enters. All of the listed responses are correct. None of the listed responses is correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. These are all characteristics of sponges.

Which of the following phyla contains animals that are lophotrochozoans with a mouth, anus, and true coelom? (Concept 33.3) Annelida Platyhelminthes Rotifera Cnidaria None of the listed responses is correct.

Annelida Annelids, including earthworms, are lophotrochozoan coelomates with a complete digestive system.

Leeches are members of the phylum __________ in the clade of bilaterally symmetric animals called __________. (Concept 33.3) Cnidaria ... Lophotrochozoa Arthropoda ... Deuterostomia Platyhelminthes ... Deuterostomia Nematoda ... Ecdysozoa Annelida ... Lophotrochozoa

Annelida ... Lophotrochozoa

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Arthropoda Mollusca

Arthropoda

An unidentified species of animal displays the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive system, an open circulatory system, distinct body segmentation, and a series of molting stages during growth. To which of the following animal phyla does this species most likely belong? (Concept 33.4) Nematoda Cnidaria Arthropoda Annelida Platyhelminthes

Arthropods Arthropods have bilateral symmetry, body segmentation, a complete digestive system, an open circulatory system, and they molt when they grow.

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, Protostomes Acoelomate Ex. Planaria, trematodes, flukes, tapeworms Parasitic-not much of digestive system, just absorb already digestive food, live in gut of human, snail or birds Free-Living-Aquatic, Marine, Fresh water, torrential Note "head" end-( Simple nerve cords & nerve net called ganglia

Compare and contrast the polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians.

Both the polyp and the medusa are composed of an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis separated by a gelatinous layer, the mesoglea. The polyp is a cylindrical form that adheres to the substrate by its aboral end; the medusa is a flattened, mouth-down form that moves freely in the water.

An active marine predator is found possessing these characteristics: a series of tentacles (modified from the foot), a highly developed nervous system, and elaborate eyes. To which of the following clades does this organism most likely belong? (Concept 33.3) Bivalvia Errantia Cephalopoda Chelicerata Polyplacophora

Cephalopoda The foot of a cephalopod has been modified into a muscular siphon and parts of the tentacles and head. Cephalopods use beak-like jaws to bite their prey. They have a well-developed nervous system with a complex brain.

Choanocytes (collar cells)

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Arthropoda metamorphosis

Complete metamorphosis (Holometabolism) -Larva:feeding(caterpillar) -Pupa(chrysalis) -Adult:reproduction, can aid in dispersal Incomplete Metamorphosis (Hemimetabloism) -eggs -nymphs -adults

Triploblasts (Bilateria)

Ecdysozoa -Ecdysis-molting shed there outer cover in order to grow bigger -more species than any other, most diveres (8 phyla)

Cnidaria (Hydras, Jelly, corals)

Eumetazoa(True animals) have true tissues Diploblast, Radial symmetry Simple nerve net(no brain) respond to stimuli/move to response to stimulius simple muscle Fresh & marine water

Annelida characteristics

Ex-Earthworm -Bilaterl, triploblastic, protostomes -True coelomate -Circulatory System* Closed circulatory system, multiple pairs of aortic arches, distinct arteries and veins *Nervous System* -Ventral nerve cord, anterior ganglia (brain) *Respiratory System* None (diffusion) *Digestive System* Alimentary canal, mouth and anus *Excretory System* Most have metanephridia *Embryonic Development* Protostome *General Characteristics*: Segmented bodies, coelom is divided by septa, sexual (hermaphrodites) and asexual (regeneration) reproduction, longitudinal and circular muscles.

Mollusca (soft body)

Ex-Snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses-lost shell, squid -bilateral symmetry -protosomes -triploblastic -coelomate(reduced coelom/body cavity) -Shell present or very tiny or lost a shell -both marine and terrestrial -coelmate, but coelem reduced to area around heart -muscular foot -visceral mass that contains the organs -mantle that overlies the viscera -shell -cephalization

Mollusca divided in 3 groups

Gastropods-stomach fooded ones Bivales-2 halves or shells Cephalopods-head fooded ones, sophisticated head structure and brain

Triploblasts (Bilaterians)

Have two groups Protostomes & Deuterostones Protostomes-First opening, during development blastaport becomes mouth/Spiral development/Determinate Deuterostones-

Deuterostomes

In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus. The 2nd opening becomes mouth -Echinodermata:true invertebrates closes to chordatas -Chordata: cousin, closely realated to human

Arthropods have 4 groups

Insects:6 legs(3 pairs), 3 body parts, 0-2 wings -Ex. Beetls, Bees, Flies, Butterfiles Arachnids: 8 legs(4pairs), no antennae, no wings -Ex. Spiders, Ticks, Scorpions Crustaceans: 2 pairs antennae, Specialized appendages -Ex.Lobsters, Crabs, Pillbugs Myriapods:Repeating body segments, lots of legs -Ex. Centipedes, Millipedes

Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is false? All bilaterians have bilateral symmetry. All bilaterians are triploblastic (have three germ layers). Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not. Many bilaterians are invertebrates but some are not.

Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not. Correct! If you had trouble with this question, review the following material: Bilaterian animals form an enormous clade whose members all have tissues (unlike sponges) as well as a two-sided or bilaterally symmetric form (unlike sponges and cnidarians). All bilaterally symmetric animals also are triploblastic. Bilaterians include both invertebrate and vertebrate animals.

Ecdysozoa (PROTOSTOME)

Nematoda and Arthropoda

How do nematode and annelid body plans differ?

Nematodes lack body segments and a true coelom; annelids have both.

Porifera (sponges)

No true tissues(no group of cells that work to perform common functions, Do have different kind of cells Most Hermaphroditic-both male and female parts Some Sequential Hermaphroditic-can be male for awhile and switch to female Sedentary- Found in Fresh & Marine water

3 groups of lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? Echinodermata—bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelomate Nematoda—roundworms, pseudocoelomate Platyhelminthes—flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelomate

Porifera—gastrovascular cavity, coelomate

__________ are members of the phylum __________ and feed by __________. (Concept 33.2) Bivalves ... Annelida ... killing small animals with electric shock Sponges ... Urochordata ... scraping away organic films covering the rocks on which they grow Leeches ... Porifera ... filtering tiny particles from water passing through their bodies Rotifers ... Arthropoda ... a lophophore Sea anemones ... Cnidaria ... using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them

Sea anemones ... Cnidaria ... using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them Correct. Cnidaria, including sea anemones, have tentacles armed with cnidocytes, unique stinging cells that function in defense and in the capture of prey.

Trematodes (blood flukes)

Severe in Africa, digestive tract of human(part of Platyhelminthes) die

Which of the following is true about the phylum Cnidaria? (Concept 33.2) The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity. This phylum has more species than any other phylum. The bodies of cnidarians are bilaterally symmetrical and show cephalization. All cnidarians except corals are in the medusa stage. All of the listed responses are correct.

The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity. This statement does describe the phylum Cnidaria.

Describe how sponges feed.

The flagella (choanocytes) draw water through their collars, which trap food particles. The particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and digested, either by choanocytes or by amoebocytes.

Annelid anatomy can be described as "a tube within a tube." Explain.

The inner tube is the alimentary canal, which runs the length of the body. The outer tube is the body wall. The two tubes are separated by the coelom.

A major characteristic of arthropods is __________. (Concept 33.4) a pseudocoelom flame bulbs a chitinous exoskeleton radial symmetry All of the listed responses are correct.

a chitinous exoskeleton The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton constructed from layers of protein and chitin.

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share a mantle. a radula. gills. distinct cephalization.

a mantle

Some digestion in sponges takes place in the __________. (Concept 33.1) osculum gastrointestinal tract amoebocytes gastrovascular cavity spongocoel

amoebocytes . Amoebocytes digest the food that sponges pick up from water and from choanocytes.

Invertebrate

animal without a backbone; over 95 percent of animal species are invertebrates; Most every habitat on earth(everywhere)

Complete metamorphosis __________. (Concept 33.4) features a larval stage that looks different from the adult involves adults that are specialized for eating and growth is the same thing as molting is accompanied by a complete rearrangement of the genome does not occur in wasps, bees, or ants

features a larval stage that looks different from the adult Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages specialized for eating and growing, which look entirely different from the adult.

Sponges feed by __________. (Concept 33.1) absorbing nutrients from the guts of their hosts paralyzing small crustaceans with stinging cells filtering small particles from water scraping bacteria and algae from hard substrates performing photosynthesis

filtering small particles from water Sponges trap food from the water circulating through their porous bodies.

Pinacocytes

form outer cells of epidermis in porifera

A pseudocoelomate refers to an animal with a____ body cavity that does not function properly. functional body cavity lined by tissues derived only from mesoderm. functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm. functional body cavity lined by tissues derived only from endoderm.

functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm. Correct! If you had trouble with this question, review the following material: Most bilaterian animals have a body cavity, a fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall; this body cavity is also called a coelom. A so-called "true" coelom forms from tissue derived from mesoderm, and the animals with a true coelom are known as coelomates. Some bilaterian animals have a body cavity that is formed from both mesoderm and endoderm. Such a cavity is called a "pseudocoelom," and the animals with a pseudocoelom are called pseudocoelomates. Despite its name, however, a pseudocoelom is not false; it is a fully functional body cavity.

Consider the following list of animals: giant squid, earthworm, largemouth bass, snail, tapeworm, coral, and starfish. The two that belong to the same phylum are the __________, and their phylum is __________. (Concept 33.3) earthworm and tapeworm ... Annelida snail and coral ... Annelida coral and starfish ... Echinodermata giant squid and snail ... Mollusca bass and giant squid ... Mollusca

giant squid and snail ... Mollusca The giant squid and the snail are both molluscs.

Bivalves

have a hinged, two-part shell and include clams, oysters, and scallops.

Annelids __________. (Concept 33.3) include leeches, earthworms, and flatworms use their pseudocoeloms as hydrostatic skeletons have characteristically long bodies with external, but not internal, segmentation have a mouth that is separate from the anus All of the listed responses are correct.

have a mouth that is separate from the anus Annelids have a complete tube-within-a-tube digestive system.

The arthropods superficially resemble earthworms in that both groups __________, yet the two are distinctly different because arthropods, but not earthworms, __________. (Concept 33.4) are cephalized and bilaterally symmetrical ... have true organs are acoelomates ... are segmented have prominently segmented bodies ... have jointed appendages have closed circulatory systems ... have bristles have a true coelom ... have an anus

have prominently segmented bodies ... have jointed appendages Both groups do have segmented bodies, but only arthropods have jointed appendages.

The majority of animal species are __________. (Concept 33.4) insects marine nematodes acoelomates vertebrates

insects In species diversity, insects outnumber all other forms of life combined.

Spongocoel

large central cavity of the sponge

Ecdysis

molting/shedding outer cover in order to grow bigger

Amboebocytes

move thur sponge body

The choanocyte of a sponge and the nematocyst of a cnidarian both function in __________. (Concept 33.2) locating mates sight obtaining food reproduction locomotion

obtaining food Lining the inside of a spongocoel are flagellated choanocytes, which trap food particles. Nematocysts are stinging capsules that function in defense and in the capture of prey.

Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla do the tapeworms belong? (Concept 33.3) phylum Nematoda phylum Platyhelminthes phylum Arthropoda phylum Annelida phylum Mollusca

phylum Platyhelminthes Tapeworms are platyhelminths.

Some cnidarians go through both a motile stage and a sessile (attached) stage during their life cycle. The attached stage is called a(n) __________. (Concept 33.2) larva mesoglea embryo medusa polyp

polyp Sessile polyps are cylindrical forms that attach to a substratum and extend their tentacles, waiting for prey.

Cnidaria body plan

polyp and medusa Sac w/gastrovascular cavity(move things around) tentacles Diploblast-epidermis Gastrodermis-cover of the gastrotrich system(endodermis) Mesoglea-gelatinous holds everything together Gastrovascular cavity-open Ex. Hydra, Sean Anemones, Corals

Which of the following animals is most closely related to spiders? (Concept 33.4) pill bugs scorpions mosquitoes centipedes grasshoppers

scorpions Both spiders and scorpions are in the clade Chelicerata and both are in the group known as arachnids.

Through what means do coral animals capture their food? (Concept 33.2) filter feeding teeth that shred their prey tentacles that trap food particles dinoflagellates (photosynthetic protists that live in the coral's tissues) absorption of predigested food from their prey

tentacles that trap food particles Coral animals, like all cnidarians, have tentacles armed with batteries of stinging cells called cnidocytes. They use those tentacles to capture prey and push food into the gastrovascular cavity.

In arthropods, molting is necessary because __________. (Concept 33.4) arthropod appendages generally increase in number as the animal ages worn exoskeletons make arthropods more susceptible to predators the environment degrades the exoskeleton, which therefore must be shed and replaced the exoskeleton is progressively reabsorbed by body tissue the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow

the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow The rigid exoskeleton must be shed for an arthropod to grow.

Mesohyll

the gelatinous matrix within a sponge. It fills the space between the external pinacoderm and the internal choanoderm.

Lophotrochozoa

there are put in group because of tentacles for feeding(lophophore) type of larvae(trochophore)

Sowbugs are really crustaceans, not insects. Therefore, a sowbug does NOT have __________. (Concept 33.4) three pairs of legs an open circulatory system jointed appendages an exoskeleton antennae

three pairs of legs Insects have six legs; crustaceans have a multitude of appendages.