ch 4 The nervous system

The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in the somatic system is _____, which acts on receptors that excite the muscle. Multiple choice question. serotonin dopamine acetylcholine norepinephrine

acetylcholine

Drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter in the synapse by _____. Multiple choice question. blocking the release, absorption, or metabolism of fatty acids in the blood acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters preventing a neurotransmitter from acting on a receptor binding to receptors without stimulating them

acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters

The electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires is known as the BLANK

action potential

The BLANK BLANK , Correct Unavailable are subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone.

basal ganglia

Together with the hypothalamus, the limbic system involves important mechanisms for _____. Multiple choice question. behavioral control at a more primitive level than that of the cerebral cortex processing short-term memory fine motor coordination at a more complex level than that of the cerebral cortex coordinating control of complex movements

behavioral control at a more primitive level than that of the cerebral cortex

The diet drug Sibutramine produces its weight-reducing effects by _____. Multiple choice question. blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine absorbing acetylcholine absorbing γ-amino butyric acid blocking the reuptake of dopamine and endorphins

blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Creation of the BLANK-BLANK barrier, which is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood, is an important function of glia.

blood-brain

Pathways arising from the locus ceruleus in the brain stem have numerous branches and project both up and down in the brain, releasing _____. Multiple choice question. acetylcholine dopamine serotonin norepinephrine

norepinephrine

In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, many of the sedative-like effects of barbiturates are dependent on their binding to _____ receptors in the brain. Multiple choice question. GABAB glutamate GABAA acetylcholine

GABAA

Identify an accurate statement about the cortex of the brain. Multiple choice question. Higher mental processes, such as reasoning, occur in the cortex. The cortex is more active under the influence of sedating drugs. Relatively larger cortical areas are involved in the control of muscles. The cortex is more active when a person is sleeping.

Higher mental processes, such as reasoning, occur in the cortex.

Identify an accurate statement about the role of homeostasis in alcohol or drug use. Multiple choice question. Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects. Homeostasis increases the duration of the effects of a drug. Homeostatic processes seldom counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs. Homeostasis helps reduce the likelihood of experiencing withdrawal.

Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects

Muscular rigidity in the arms, legs, and facial muscles can occur if the basal ganglia in the brain are damaged by _____. Multiple choice question. Down syndrome Alzheimer's disease Turner syndrome Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

Substantial loss of cells along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system leads to _____. Multiple choice question. Parkinson's disease Down syndrome Turner syndrome Lou Gehrig's disease

Parkinson's disease

A layer of tissue that covers the top and sides of the upper parts of the brain is known as _____. Multiple choice question. neuron subthalamus cortex hypothalamus

cortex

Cells in the nucleus basalis region of the cerebral cortex in the central nervous system are damaged in patients with _____. Multiple choice question. Alzheimer's disease Turner syndrome Down syndrome Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

Identify the monoamine neurotransmitters that have specific transporters built into their terminals. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Glutamate

Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine

True or false: There is strong evidence linking drug dependence to endorphins. True false question.

False Although it is tempting to theorize about the role of endorphins in drug abuse or dependence, the actual evidence linking dependence to endorphins has not been strong, and other neurotransmitter systems have also been shown to influence behaviors related to drug abuse.

True or false: Drug molecules interact with one or more of the stages in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter chemical because of the structural difference between the molecules of the drug and one of the neurotransmitter chemicals.

False Drug molecules interact with one or more of the stages in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter chemical because of the structural similarity between the molecules of the drug and one of the neurotransmitter chemicals. A drug has its effects because the molecular structure of the drug is similar to the molecular structure of one of the neurotransmitter chemicals.

In the context of the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, identify a true statement about the opioid antagonist called naloxone. Multiple choice question. It does not prevent opioid agonists from activating the opioid receptors. It does not stimulate the opioid receptors. It does not prevent endorphins from activating the opioid receptors. It does not bind to the opioid receptors.

It does not stimulate the opioid receptors.

Identify an accurate statement about GABA, or γ-amino butyric acid. Multiple choice question. It exerts generalized inhibitory functions. It is responsible for the onset of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. It is found only in the medulla oblongata of the central nervous system. It is organized into discrete pathways or bundles.

It exerts generalized inhibitory functions.

Identify an advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, technique used for brain imaging. Multiple choice question. It gives information about the anatomy of the brain. It provides a direct measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons. It gives real-time information about changes in brain blood flow. It provides information on the number of hydrogen atoms in the body.

It gives real-time information about changes in brain blood flow.

Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system. It involves regulation of mechanism that controls waking and eating. It involves cells from the substantia nigra that terminate in the striatum. It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior. It consists of peripheral nerves and controls emotions.

It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior.

Identify an accurate statement about norepinephrine. Multiple choice question. Its pathways do not play a role in the initiation of food intake. It influences levels of arousal and attentiveness. It is released by the nucleus accumbens region of the brain. It plays no role in the process of controlling energy balance.

It influences levels of arousal and attentiveness.

Identify a true statement about the action potential. It occurs as a result of the opening of ion channels that prevent electrically charged particles from moving inside a cell. It stimulates digestion and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state. It initiates a chain of events that allows one neuron to communicate with another through the release of neurotransmitters. It is a recognition mechanism that responds to specific chemical signals.

It initiates a chain of events that allows one neuron to communicate with another through the release of neurotransmitters.

Identify a true statement about the hypothalamus in the brain. Multiple choice question. It is a link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland. It does not play a role in feeding and drinking. It connects the frontal lobe of the brain to the spinal cord. It is not involved in temperature regulation and sexual behavior.

It is a link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland.

Identify a feature of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, technique used for brain imaging. Multiple choice question. It does not help in determining the brain's areas that are activated when experiencing an emotion. It is an invasive procedure because radioactive chemicals are injected. It does not use the same machine as a regular MRI. It measures a person's blood oxygen level dependent signal.

It measures a person's blood oxygen level dependent signal.

Identify an advantage of using positron-emission tomography, or PET, for brain imaging. Multiple choice question. It determines the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations in the body. It gives detailed information about brain structures. It provides an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons. It determines the amount of hydrogen atoms in the body.

It provides an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons.

Identify a limitation of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique used for brain imaging. Multiple choice question. It does not provide a detailed view of the brain. It involves the injection of radioactive materials into the bloodstream. It does not provide a high-resolution image of the brain's anatomy. It provides no information about brain functioning.

It provides no information about brain functioning.

In the context of the functions of glia, identify a condition for a drug to be psychoactive. Multiple choice question. It must not affect the functioning of neurotransmitters. Its molecules must be capable of passing the blood-brain barrier. Its molecules must not make contact with the receptors of neurons. It must have a chemical structure contrasting that of neurotransmitters.

Its molecules must be capable of passing the blood-brain barrier.

Identify the structures of the brain stem that connect larger parts of the brain to the spinal cord. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Midbrain Frontal lobe Pons Cerebral cortex Medulla oblongata

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

is a disease that results from a loss of myelin wrappings of neurons. Multiple choice question. Arthritis Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Schizophrenia

Multiple sclerosis

Identify a true statement about the process of uptake of a neurotransmitter. Multiple choice question. The uptake mechanism neither selects nor recognizes the precursor molecules from which the neurotransmitter will be made as they float. The cell expends energy to bring the precursors from which the neurotransmitter will be made into a cell. The precursor molecule from which the neurotransmitter will be made is not synthesized by a neuron. The precursors from which the neurotransmitter will be made are fatty acids that are derived from carbohydrates in the diet.

The cell expends energy to bring the precursors from which the neurotransmitter will be made into a cell.

Identify an accurate statement about the effect of drug molecules of LSD on the brain. Multiple choice question. LSD molecules that reach glutamate receptors appear to have a great effect. They affect the brain systems that depend on serotonin. They mainly affect the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the brain. LSD molecules have their effect by acting on dopamine systems in the brain.

They affect the brain systems that depend on serotonin.

Identify a feature of endorphins. Multiple choice question. They exert generalized inhibitory functions. They are found only in specific areas of the brain. They are known to play a role in pain relief. They lead to seizures resembling those seen in epilepsy.

They are known to play a role in pain relief.

According to studies based on the monoamine theory of mood, identify a true statement about drug treatments for the vast majority of psychopathologies. Multiple choice question. They do not provide relief from disease-related problems. They are not cures. They do not treat symptoms. They are not based on correcting a neurochemical abnormality.

They are not cures.

Identify a true statement about serotonin transporters that are involved in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter. Multiple choice question. They attach serotonin receptors to the nucleus of a neuron. They establish a relationship between serotonin molecules and serotonin receptors. They fail to recognize serotonin molecules. They bring serotonin molecules back into the releasing neuron

They bring serotonin molecules back into the releasing neuron

Identify a true statement about the peripheral nerves of the somatic nervous system. Multiple choice question. They carry motor information into the central nervous system. They only interact with the internal environment of a body. They carry sensory information into the central nervous system. They are responsible for the creation of the blood-brain barrier.

They carry sensory information into the central nervous system.

Identify a limitation of brain imaging techniques. Multiple choice question. They seldom use arbitrary color-coding techniques for various amounts of brain activity. They always involve the injection of radioactive chemicals that are harmful to the body. They do not offer a glimpse into the working of the living human brain. They involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized.

They involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized.

True or false: There are specific receptors for each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain.

True Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the type of receptor. There are specific receptors for each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain.

In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the arrival of the action potential in the presynaptic terminals causes _____ channels to open. Multiple choice question. magnesium sodium potassium calcium

calcium

In the context of the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, cocaine and most antidepressants block the transporters of dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin by _____. acting on the receptors of the neurotransmitter without stimulating them causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter and directly activating its receptors occupying the receptors to prevent the neurotransmitter from acting on them

causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual

According to several studies on cocaine self-administration using human subjects, drugs that block dopamine activity _____. Multiple choice question. heightened the severity of the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine reduced the likelihood of using other psychoactive drugs did not increase the likelihood of dependence

did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine

The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate _____ neurons in the mesolimbic pathway of the central nervous system. acetylcholine dopamine phenethylamine glutamate

dopamine

Psychoactive drugs can influence _____, which is the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range. Multiple choice question. apoptosis homeostasis psychosis hematopoiesis

homeostasis

True or false: In recent years, increasing amounts of evidence indicate that specific glutamate pathways are not important for the expression of some psychoactive drug effects

false in recent years, increasing amounts of evidence indicate that specific glutamate pathways may be important for the expression of some psychoactive drug effects. For instance, abnormal glutamate transmission, caused by prolonged chronic cocaine use, in the projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens has been hypothesized to mediate relapse to cocaine use following a period of drug abstinence.

In positron-emission tomography, or PET, technique used for brain imaging, the radioactive chemical used is usually a form of _____ or a drug that binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors. Multiple choice question. lactose fructose sucrose glucose

glucose

The _____ is a small structure located near the base of the brain. Multiple choice question. pancreas gray matter hypothalamus adrenal gland

hypothalamus

Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of serotonin metabolites are associated with _____. Multiple choice question. impulsive aggression impaired judgment moderate cocaine use moderate alcohol use

impulsive aggression

Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of serotonin metabolites are associated with _____. Multiple choice question. moderate cocaine use moderate alcohol use impulsive aggression impaired judgment

impulsive aggression

One of the functions of the myelin sheath of a neuron is to _____. Multiple choice question. increase the information-processing speed respond to specific chemical signals receive incoming signals from other neurons move a cell's membrane away from the resting potential

increase the information-processing speed

In the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, or ANS, _____ is the neurotransmitter at the end organ. Multiple choice question. dopamine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine

norepinephrine

Many investigators conclude that drug users are cognitively impaired based solely on the brain imaging data. Such interpretations are inappropriate because _____. Multiple choice question. it is unclear whether observed brain differences are within the normal range of human variability the brain differences in the majority of studies were predictive of cognitive performance they are unable to provide detailed and real-time information about changes in brain blood flow the brain imaging techniques always involved the injection of radioactive chemicals that impaired their brain activity

it is unclear whether observed brain differences are within the normal range of human variability

Pathways containing acetylcholine arise from cell bodies in the _____ in the lower part of the brain and project widely throughout the cerebral cortex. Multiple choice question. raphe nuclei nucleus accumbens locus ceruleus nucleus basalis

nucleus basalis

In the context of the action potential process for neuronal communication, an effect of selective blockade of sodium, or Na+, channels is that it _____. increases the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease prevents the action potential and thus disrupts communication between neurons diminishes the ability of anesthetics to reduce pain increases the likelihood of multiple sclerosis and hippocampal sclerosis

prevents the action potential and thus disrupts communication between neurons

Neurons contain _____, which are recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals. Multiple choice question. enzymes platelets ligaments receptors

receptors

Interfering with normal GABA, or γ-amino butyric acid, inhibition can lead to _____. Multiple choice question. seizures resembling those seen in epilepsy hallucinations resembling those of schizophrenia improved occupational and social functioning improvements in cognitive functioning

seizures resembling those seen in epilepsy

Animal research has suggested one or more roles for _____ in the complex control of food intake and the regulation of body weight. Multiple choice question. endorphins glutamate serotonin acetylcholine

serotonin

The mechanism through which local anesthetics reduce pain is selective blockade of _____. chloride, Cl-, ions sodium, or Na+, channels potassium, or K+, ions fluoride, F-, channels

sodium, or Na+, channels

Glutamate is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter because _____. Multiple choice question. stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable it plays a major role in the control of food intake and weight regulation it has been found to influence levels of attentiveness production of glutamate reduces the chances of relapse to drug use

stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable

Cells from the _____ course together past the hypothalamus and terminate in the striatum to form the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system. substantia nigra superior cerebellar peduncle nucleus ambiguus ventral tegmental area

substantia nigra

In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, calcium aids the movement of small vesicles filled with neurotransmitter toward the axon terminal membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released into the _____. Multiple choice question. synapse nodes of Ranvier myelin sheath dendrites

synapse

In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursor molecules is known as _____. Multiple choice question. depolarization synthesis metabolism uptake

synthesis

In the context of the effects of drugs on the brain, an equilibrium develops quickly for most drugs because _____. Multiple choice question. their molecular structure is larger than that of neurotransmitters they tend to have smaller molecules compared to neurotransmitters the brain is well supplied with blood the brain performs multiple functions simultaneously

the brain is well supplied with blood

In most of the cases, drugs have their effects on the brain because _____. Multiple choice question. the brain lacks a continuous supply of blood the brain performs multiple functions simultaneously their effects are slow and prolonged their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical

their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical

In the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, active BLANK is an energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into the cells.

uptake

Cells in the nucleus accumbens region of the brain receive input from dopamine fibers that originate in the _____. Multiple choice question. nucleus ambiguus substantia nigra superior cerebellar peduncle ventral tegmental area

ventral tegmental area