Ch 5 Carbohydrates

______ helps regulate blood glucose levels because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells.

Insulin

_______ helps regulate blood glucose levels because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells.

Insulin

The results of scientific studies do not indicate that eating sugary foods or drinks

increases children's physical activity levels, causes ADHD, or has any other negative effects on their behavior.

Like glucagon, epinephrine

increases the supply of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, but the hormone can also make a person with hypoglycemia feel irritable, restless, shaky, hungry, and sweaty. If the blood glucose level drops too low, the affected person can develop seizures, and he or she may lose consciousness and die.

Beta cells of people with type 2 diabetes usually produce ______, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, which means they do not respond properly to the hormone and do not allow glucose to enter them.

insulin

Hypoglycemia

is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for cells. Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is less than 70 mg/dl.32

ketoaicdosis can result in

lack of consciousness or death.

When this condition (diverticulitis) occurs, the affected person may need surgery to remove the damaged section of the

large intestine.

glucagon stimulates _______, the breakdown of triglyceride (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids. As a result, glycerol and fatty acids rapidly enter into the bloodstream.

lipolysis

glycogen is stored in the _____, and can be released by the hormone ________.

liver and muscles ; glucagon

Pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes or gestational diabetes are more likely to have

miscarriages (death of an embryo/fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy), stillbirths (delivery of a dead baby), and premature (born before the 37th week of pregnancy) deliveries than women with diabetes who manage their blood glucose properly.

Eating high-fiber foods may reduce your risk of

obesity, diabetes, certain intestinal tract disorders, and cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.fiber

In some instances, however, people with type 2 diabetes need ____ ________ to stimulate their bodies' insulin production, or they must receive ______ injections.

oral medication; insulin

There is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes. By losing some excess body fat and increasing physical activity levels, people with_________ can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and lower their risk of heart disease and stroke

pre-diabetes

Treating hypoglycemia generally includes

taking pills or a gel that contains glucose or consuming a serving of food or beverage that supplies 15 g of sugar. Eating a tablespoon of sugar or honey, for example, can help raise the blood glucose level to normal.

lipolysis

the breakdown of triglyceride (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids. Results in glycerol and fatty acids rapidly enter into the bloodstream.

Major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia include excessive

thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and poor wound healing

therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC).

Actions, such as avoiding excess body fat, exercising daily, and improving the diet, that promote health and reduce risk for chronic disease

After giving birth, most women who had gestational diabetes

recover and have normal blood glucose levels. Although the new mothers are healthy, they have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later

To prevent hypoglycemia, people with diabetes should

eat regular meals and snacks that contain appropriate amounts of carbohydrate and monitor their blood glucose levels as often as recommended by their healthcare professionals

alpha cells of pancreas

produce glucagon

Hemoglobin

the compound in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

beta cells of pancreas

produce insulin

Milk and milk products are often excellent sources of

protein, many vitamins, and the minerals calcium and phosphorus

gestational diabetes

diabetes that develops during pregnancy

HbA1c

is a component of hemoglobin that attracts some glucose that is in blood. About 4.5 to 5.7% of a healthy person's hemoglobin is HbA1c.

glucagon is released during times of ___ glucose levels

low

Over time, hyperglycemia damages

nerves, organs, and blood vessels.

As your blood glucose level begins to rise, your pancreas responds by secreting _____ into the bloodstream.

insulin

Lifestyle changes that can help manage glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels include

losing excess weight, exercising regularly, and reducing intakes of salt, saturated fat, and simple sugars. If such changes do not alleviate the condition, medication may be necessary to manage blood pressure and blood lipid levels

Diabetes

6.5% or above

Most people with diabetes should strive to maintain their HbA1c level below

7%

A person's blood glucose levels are usually measured after he or she has not eaten (has fasted) for about 12 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose levels are

70 to 99 mg/dl

About __ of pregnant American women develop a form of diabetes (gestational diabetes), usually after the fifth month of pregnancy.

9%

adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

ketoacidosis

excessive production of ketones, making the blood acid

pre-diabetes ("impaired glucose tolerance") have fasting blood glucose levels that are between

100 and 125 mg/dl.

Individuals who have fasting blood glucose levels of ________ or more have diabetes.

126 mg/dl

Percent of adults with NAFLD

30-40%

The recommended Adequate Intakes (AIs) for fiber are

38 and 25 g/day for young men and women

Normal A1c

4.5 to 5.7%

Pre-diabetes A1c

5.7 to 6.4%

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

metabolic syndrome

A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

Some people with diabetes experience hyperglycemia because their beta cells do not produce any insulin or do not produce enough to meet their needs.

In other cases, the affected person produces some insulin, but his or her body does not respond properly to the hormone (insulin resistance), and hyperglycemia results.

Certain people have greater risk of type 2 diabetes than others

Individuals who are physically inactive (sedentary), have excess body fat, and are genetically related to a close family member with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop the disease than persons who do not have these characteristics.

cirrhosis

a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue that has no metabolic function. Eventually, the scar tissue hardens, and the affected person experiences liver failure.

diabetes mellitus (diabetes)

a group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. There are two major types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

hyperglycemia

abnormally elevated blood glucose

How to determine grams of starch in a food?

add the number of grams of total sugars (11 g) with that of fiber (0 g) and subtract this amount from grams of total carbohydrate (24 g), and you will find that starch comprises 13 g of the carbohydrate in a serving of the food.

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma (cancer) of the colon or rectum, or both

The fetus of a woman with gestational diabetes

receives too much glucose from its hyperglycemic mother. As a result of obtaining the excess glucose, the fetus gains weight rapidly and can be abnormally heavy at birth, weighing about 9 pounds or more. Giving birth to such a large infant is risky for the mother as well as the infant, because it may prolong the birth process and cause the baby to be injured during delivery.

glycogenolysis

releases glucose into the bloodstream, which helps maintain your blood glucose level in the normal range

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Diverticula

are marble-size sacs that form in the lining of the colon

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration

Signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Elevated blood glucose levels Excessive thirst Frequent urination Blurry vision Vaginal yeast infections (adult women) Foot pain, abdominal pain Numbness, especially in the feet Impotence (male) Sores that do not heal Increased appetite with weight loss* Breath that smells like fruit* Fatigues easily* Confusion*

_______ is a primary fuel for the body's cells. Furthermore, red blood cells as well as brain and other nervous system cells burn mostly _____ for energy.

Glucose; glucose

A person with poorly controlled diabetes often has blood glucose levels that are much higher than normal. As a result, this individual's hemoglobin will have a higher percentage of

HbA1c.

Additionally, Americans who have _______, ______ ______, _____, _____, or _______ _______ ancestry are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than Americans who are not members of these racial/ethnic groups.

Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander

Although the body can convert certain _____ ____ into glucose, it cannot use _____ _____ to make glucose

amino acids; fatty acids

Type 1 diabetes

autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells. As a result, the immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells, and the affected person must obtain insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into his or her body, regularly

Healthy blood glucose level

between 110 and 140 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dl) during the day.

diverticula do not produce symptoms, but they can

bleed or become painfully inflamed when bacteria or feces are trapped within them.

Diets rich in fiber, particularly soluble types of fiber, can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing ______ __________ levels

blood cholesterol

The body, however, needs glucose to fuel vital activities such as

breathing, transmitting nerve impulses, and pumping blood

Although a person with pre-diabetes does not have diabetes, he or she has a high risk of

cardiovascular disease and eventually developing type 2 diabetes.

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (inflamation of the liver) can result in

cirrhosis

Ketoacidosis is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical care. If untreated, ketoacidosis can lead to

coma (loss of consciousness) and death

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol

Physicians can measure glycated hemoglobin, also called glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c ("HbA1c"), to

determine their patients' average blood glucose levels over longer periods

Individuals who already have metabolic syndrome may reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by lowering their

elevated blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels

In response to rapidly declining blood glucose levels, the adrenal glands secrete

epinephrine / adrenaline

Signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include

excessive thirst, frequent urination, and a blood glucose level of more than 250 mg/dl. Individuals with the condition may also have nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion. The breath of a person with ketoacidosis typically has a "fruity" or acetone odor; acetone is a chemical that is often in fingernail polish remover

________ increases glucose uptake by muscles, reducing blood glucose levels and improving the body's insulin response.

exercise

People who often eat foods that contain adequate amounts of ____ have softer stools and more regular bowel movements, and they are less likely to strain while having bowel movements than people whose diets lack fiber.

fiber

If you ignore the hunger signals and do not eat, the alpha cells in your pancreas secrete ________.

glucagon

blood glucose is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone

glucagon

Glucagon also stimulates liver and kidney cells to produce ______ from certain amino acids, the basic molecules that make up proteins.

glucose

Under normal conditions, human cells obtain a small proportion of their energy needs by converting certain amino acids, the components of proteins, into _______

glucose

during times of low blood glucose levels, the liver can breakdown glycogen and release

glucose

Starvation, however, dramatically alters the body's energy metabolism. Starvation diets lack sources of energy such as

glucose and amino acids

Glucagon opposes insulin's effects by promoting the breakdown of _______.

glycogen.

A syndrome is a

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem.

Pregnant women who_____________________________, are more likely to experience gestational diabetes than pregnant women who do not have these characteristics.

have a family history of type 2 diabetes, are overweight, or have high blood pressure