Ch 5 - Histology Anatomy (Saladin) Study Guide

regeneration

(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

Basement Membrane

*Anchors epithelium to the connective tissue -contains collagen

Epithelial Tissue

*Regulates the exit/entrance of substances in/out of body *Avascular (depends underlying connective tissue for oxygen) -Sits on Basement Membrane -one or more layers of closely adhering cells

(simple) pseudostratified columnar epithelium

-only appears to be stratified -cilia located on the free surface of these cells -goblet cells -secrets and propels respiratory mucus -found in respiratory system and urethra

simple cuboidal epithelium

-single layer of cube-like cells with microvilli -provides absorption, secretion, and mucus production -found in intestines and kidney tubules

simple columnar epithelium

-single layer of tall, thin cells -Nucleus in basal half of cell -absorption, secretions and mucus (goblet cells) -found in lining of GI tract

simple squamous epithelium

-single layer of thin, flat cells (designed for filtering) *allows for rapid diffusionI -found in lungs (gas exchange) and intestines (nutrients)

The 4 Primary tissues differ by?

-types and functions of the thier cells -the characteristics of the matrix -relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

Matrix

...

8 types of Epethelial Tissue

1. simple squamous 2. simple cuboidal 3. simple columnar 4. pseudostratified 5. stratified squamous 6. stratified cuboidal 7. stratified columnar (rare) 8. transitional

exocrine gland

A gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of the body or into a body cavity. Some examples of exocrine gland and their products are sweat glands (sweat), gastric glands (acid, mucus, protease), the liver (bile), sebaceous glands (oil), and lacrimanl glands (tears).

Tissue

A group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ

tight junctions

A junction where membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused forming continuous belts to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid along a layer of epithelial cells.

Embryonic Tissues

An embryo begins as a single cell; divides into many cells that form layers or strata (???)

characteristics of skeletal muscle

Attaches to bone, mobility; striated, elongated, multinucleated; voluntary

What are Tissues composed of?

Cells and Matrix

reticular connective tissue

Composed of reticular fibers within a gel-like ground substance. Cellular components are fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and other blood cells. Located in LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW.

3 Primary Germ Layers

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

GAGs are what & maintain what?

Glycoaminoglycans--high negative charge that attracts + ions and then water to make a gel like cushion and a fluid that allows for diffusion of water-soluble molecules; maintain electrolyte balance

holocrine

In these glands, the entire cell disintegrates in order to release the secretion, e.g., sebaceous glands in the skin.

areolar tissue

Loose mesh-like connective tissue with all three fibre types (collagenous, reticular, elastic) functions: support and bind other tissues (the job of the fibers), hold body fluids (ground substances role), defend against infection (via the activity of white blood cells and macrophages), and store nutrients as fat (in fat cells)

stratified columnar epithelium

More than one layer of epithelial cells, where only the surface cells are columnar in shape. It is only found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of the male urethra. It functions in secretion, protection, and some absorption.

(stratified) transitional epithelium

Multiple layers of cells which appear cuboidal when not stretched, but squamous when stretched; found in the urinary organs/bladder

interstitial material

Pertaining to the space between tissues

gap junctions

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

totipotent stem cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species.

multipotent stem cells

Stem cells that can produce cells of multiple differentiated cell types, but all within a particular tissue, organ, or physiological system. Example: blood-forming (hematopoietic) stem cells are multipotent cells that can produce all cell types that are normal components of the blood.

unipotent stem cells

Stem cells which can still self-renew but can only differentiate into one specialized cell type. An example is skin stem cells.

Organ

Structure with discrete boundaries; composed of 2 or more tissue types

Basal Surface

Surface of an epithelial cell that face the basement membrane

Apical Surface

Surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

fibrocartilage - what & where?

Type of cartilage that contains both chondrocytes and collagen; used for fusion & support and found in the knees and intervertebral disks of the back

Goblet Cells

Wineglass shaped mucus secreting cells in simple solumnar and pseudostratified epithelia

dense regular connective tissue

abundant parallel bundles of collagen tightly packed together; found where stress is applied in specific directions (tendons and ligaments).

endocrine gland

any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

name the 4 types of fibrous connective tissue

areolar reticular dense irregular dense regular

osseous tissue

bone tissue; acts as a reservoir or "store house" for minerals; categories include spongy and compact bone

characteristics of: smooth muscle

cells are short, spindly, non-striated, overlapping, single nucleus; found in intestines, sphincters, bladder; involved in blood pressure, air flow, labor contractions; pupil dilation/constriction; hair follicles (erection of hairs)

dense irregular connective tissue

collagen bundles are less organized, found in tissue where stress is applied from many different directions (capsules of organs, dermis).

adipose tissue

connective tissue that consists of adipocytes and is used for insulation and long-term energy storage (found around the heart, kidneys, and in the subcutaneous layers of the skin)

metaplasia

conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue

stratified cuboidal epithelium

cubical/round epithelial cells found in layers; provide protection; found in ducts of mammary, salivary and sweat glands; also in the pancreas where it secretes insulin

dander

dead keratinocytes soon exfoliate from the epidermal surface as tiny specks

four primary tissue types

epithelial - sheets; form glands, cover organs connective - fibrous; lots of matrix; tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood, fat nervous - excitable tissue; neurons & glial cells muscular - specialized to contract; skeletal, cardiac, smooth

thin skin

found in most areas of the integumentary system, with an epidermis consisting of four layers of keratinocytes

thick skin

found in the soles of the feet, palms and fingertips, has all five layers-stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, *stratum lucidum*, thick stratum corneum

characteristics of cardiac muscle

found only in the heart, striated, involuntary control, single nucleus, moderate rate of contraction, no regeneration capability

longitudinal section

histological/tissue sample cut in the long direction

oblique section

histological/tissue sample cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section

cross-section (transverse section)

histological/tissue sample cut perpendicular to the long direction

transitional epithelium is found where?

in the bladder

elastic cartilage is found where?

in the external ear

intracellular material

located or occurring within a cell or cells

extracellular material

located outside a cell

axon

long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron

elastic cartilage - what & where?

much more flexible than hyaline cartilage and tolerates repeated bending better w/ more elastic fibers (cartilages of external ear and the epiglottis)

what do macrophages do?

phagocytize debris

serous gland

produces thin, watery secretions (sweat, milk, tears, & digestive juices)

fibrosis

proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue

mucous gland

secretes mucins and glycoproteins, that upon hydration forms mucus; contains goblet cells

stem cells

special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear

desmosomes

specialized junctions that hold adjacent cell together, consist of dense plate at point of adhesion plus extracellular cementing material

stratified squamous epithelium

squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basement membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity.

stroma

supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

endoderm --> ?

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

mesoderm --> ?

the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue

hyaline cartilage - what & where?

the most common type. contains only very fine collagen fibers; the matrix has a glassy translucent appearance; found in the nose and at the end of long bones and the ribs; forms rings in the walls of respiratory passages; the fetal skeleton is made up of this type of cartilage - later it is replaced by bone.

ectoderm --> ?

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

microvilli - what & where?

tiny hair-like projections of the plasma membrane located only in the *small intestine* to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area

parenchyma

tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ or organ system; as contrasted with connective tissue and blood vessels

adipose tissue stores what?

triglycerides

merocrine gland

type of compound exocrine gland; cells release products by exocytosis (saliva, digestive enzymes, sweat) no damage to gland