ch 5 stress

how personality helps with coping internal resources

-dispositional optimism: more problem focused coping and more social support -conscientiousness -self-esteem -hardy personality: control, committment challenge, predict resistance to stress -internal vs external locus of control: internal=I myself have control over everything; external= external outside things have control over life

selye's general adaption syndrome 3 stages

-general adaptation syndrome 3 stages: -alarm stage: body reacts with fight or flight response when the SNS is stimulated with threat or danger; adrenaline is released -resistance: resist and compensate as the PNS and body attempt to return things to normal but body still in alert (before interview, you can't sleep); adapt to stressor; how long it is depends on the stressor; person looks normal on outside but the inside is not normal yet -sets up diseases of adaptation: disease related to persistent stress -exhaustion: stressor continue beyond capacity, body cant fight anymore, become more suspectible to disease and illness; activation of the parasympathteic system which causes a person to become exhausted general adaptation syndrome rarely occurs in a pure form so better defined as spectrum

coping resources

-health and energy: personal resource (healthy individuals can handle stress better) -positive belief -problem-solving skills -material resources -social skills -social support -personal control which is the confidence that you ca have contorl over shap of lives

how PTSD might affect physical health

-high risk for premature aging and medical conditions associated with old age (heart disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia) -treatment may need to include anti-aging agents

what does stressor lead to

-negative events -ambiguous -unpredictable -uncontrollable

stress in the workplace

-physical hazards -unamiable social environment -overload -ambiguity and role conflict -unemployment -high demand=low control= high stress, most stressful (ex: nurses, assembly line workers) more control =less stress (ex: CEO has more control but high demand but probably not as stress because of high control in the workplace)

pituitary gland

-pituitary is the master gland; pituitary receives signal from hypothalamus -posterior pituitary: signals sent from hypothalamus which releases the hormones anterior pituitary: TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH (stress response bc acts on adrenal glands), GH, PRL posterior: oxytocin (motherly response to behavior, breast milk), ADH (water retention)

coping

-process constantly changing as one's effecorts are evaluated -coping isnt automatic; learned process -needs effort -effort to manage stressful situations

how to reduce occupational stress

-reduce physical stressor noise, crowding -minimize unpredictability -involve workers in decisions when possible -add interest to jobs when possible -promote social relationships -focus on rewards, not punishments -watch for early signs of stress

coping efforts center on 5 tasks

1. reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance the prospects of recovery 2. to tolerate or adjust to negative events or relatiies 3. to maintain a positive self-image 4. to maintain emotional equilibrium 5. to continue satisfying relationships with others many actions/reactions, dynamic, flexible

PTSD

=memories are stressors in where they relive experiences -avoid things that lead to trauma diagnosis when symptoms persist fro over month and interfere with other, ability in life -PTSD increases health problems

Describe use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies in the following examples: (A) on the way to a big exam, a student's car breaks down on the highway; and (B) a patient is waiting on the results of a medical test that will determine the presence or not of a life-threatening disease.

A) Problem: call tow company, get a ride from someone, email your professor, Uber Emotion: crying, venting B) emotion more adaptive -problem: research disease, doctors, change lifestyle -emotion: distract yourself

autonomic vs sympathetic

ANS is in effect under stress SNS: mobilize the body and prepare to move it in stress -fight or flight -innervates the inner layer

physiological measures of stress

BP heart rate skin response stress hormones (epinephrine, cortisol) which cortisol last for about 20mins disadvantage: equipment may produce stress themselves

HPA axis video

HPA axis: hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal all take part in feedback system and control response to stress - corticitropin-releasing factor CRF released from hypothalamus which goes to pituitary gland and stimulate adrenocorticotrpic hormone ACTH which binds to adrenal cortex and release cortisol in response to stress =once the body receives a certain amount of cortisol, homeostasis is returned

Ted is a recent widower with a 10-year old girl on a traveling soccer team and an 8-year old boy who plays football, basketball, and baseball. Ted works as a police officer in Dallas, and he patrols a rough neighborhood. Describe examples of the following types of stressors he may encounter: daily hassles, life events, traumatic events, and other sources of chronic stress.

Stress from crime in the neighborhood, stress from trying to go to all the games for his daughter and son and making sure the have transportation to get there, stress from trying to take care of children by himself since he's a single parent, stress from probably getting home late at night and trying to take care of kids (dinner, bed time)

stress in the workplace: occupational outcomes of workers who are stressed

absent more: more illnesses and mental health days more job turnover more tardiness high job dissatisfaction higher rates of job sabotage poor job performance

neurotransmitters in the ANS

acetylcholine and NE

diabetes

activates endocrine system #1 cause of blindness, lose nerves in eyes due to neurotrophy wounds dont heal

brief coping mechanism

active coping, planning, positive reframing, acceptance, humor, religion, using emotional support, using instrumental support, self-distraction, denial, venting, substance use, behavioral disengagement, self-blame

peripheral nervous system has 2 types of nerves

afferent and efferent nerves 2 parts: somatic NS and automonic NS somatic: skeletal muscle autonomic: internal organs, parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

what makes an event stressful

anticipation -we've got to talk about our relationship -im getting worried about tomorrows exam aftereffects/cognitive costs -i forgot to study for today's test -i had more trouble completeing my assignment

impact of discrimination on stress

anticipation important 61% daily discrimination also associated poorer health groups that report more stress; hispanic adults, younger generations, women, adults with disabilities, LGBT adults discrimination= poorer health

reappraisal

appraisal change giving new information becomes available negative primary: appraisal leads to secondary appraisal -secondary appraisal=look at resources -constantly changing our primary appraisal to make adjustments leads to reappraisal-is this stressful or not

moderation of stress with social support

at least one person close to you helps with stress -extracting support -what kinds of support are most effective? how much? -matching support to the stressor -support from whom? -threats to social support -effects of stress on support providers

selye's general adaption syndrome

body's generalized attempt to defend itself against a stressor stressors lead to nonspecific response there is a specific response to stress -focus on sympathetic nervous system -tried to get famous finding new hormone -focused on cortisol

allostasis

body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances activating the sympathetic nervous system is the body's way to meeting the needs of the situation during emergencies

chronic stressful conditions

build up of daily hassles recurring or aftermath of trauma continuation of life events combination of these stressors

catecholamines and corticosteroids

catecholamines: epenephrine and NE -increase heart rate, breathing rate -dilate blood vessels -BP increases vasoconstriction -digestion slows -pupils dilate corticosteriods: increase protein and fat mobilization -increase access to bodily energy storage -inhibit antibody formation and inflammation -regulates sodium retention

causes and effects of PTSD video

commonly found in soldiers -changes in brain can occur so they relive terrible events -drinking, drug problem, violence, divorce, depression

human nervous system

contains neurons which hold charged ions for electrical discharge which creates current which leads to neurotransmitters which are released in synaptic cleft neurotransmitters are the ways neurons communicate with each other

sources of stress

daily hassles: -physical environmental conditions such as crowding, noise, pollution, fear of crime : urban press -psychosocial environment conditions such as community, discrimination, workplace, family interaction -major life events: events that force people to make changes in their life (death of spouse, divorce, marital separation, jail term)

which life event causes the most stress

death of spouse

oxytocin video

effects on romance -love hormone -oxytocin spray: lead to emotional feelings to mother, increase anger or happiness, lead to ethnocentricism-love to those in your group and hate to those outside your group -linked to autism spectrum disorder

neuroendocrine system

endocrine system and glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream chemicals in nervous system: neurotransmitters chemicals in endocrine system: hormones

disorders of central nervous system

epilepsy headaches cerebral palsy paraplegia & quadriplegia parkinson's disease alzheimer's disease huntington's disease poliomyelitis multiple sclerosis traumatic brain injury

true or false: events like car accidents, failing a class, and misplacing your Id evoke the identical stress response

false

true or false: the more workplace decisions a person must make each day, the more stress that person will experience

false -more in control to make decisions so less stress -more stress if have no control over things

primary appraisal

first in time -when people first encounter an event and determine its effect on their well-being -determine the event to be irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

secondary appraisal

form an impression on their ability to control to cope with harm, threat, or challenge -find resources -find ways to reduce stress

costs of social support

guilt dependence reciprocity conflict cost unsupportive others bad influence

acute vs chronic stress

habituation chronic stress vulnerable population

endocrine system

includes glands negative feedback: if there is too much of a signal then production stops

lazarus view on appraisal

interpretation of stressful events is more important than the event themselves -individual interpretation defines stress

fight or flight theory by walter cannon

involves SNS, adrenal medulla, and catecholamines stress mobilizes the body through direct activation of the sympathetic NS with adrenal medulla

invisible support video

knowing you received support makes you feel worse, makes you feel like you owe the person or makes you feel like your problem is really bad invisible support works better -do stuff out of mind to make another person feel better w/o the other person knowing you did it

coping and external resources

lower SES=high stress less time=high stress -time -money, standard of living -education, a decent job -absence of other life stressors -presence of positive life events -support from children, friends, family

cortisol

most important hormone released which increases with increased stress -indicator of stress -20 to 40 minutes after stressor The secretion of cortisol mobilizes the body's energy resources, raising the level of blood sugar to provide energy for the cells. Cortisol also has an antiinflammatory effect, giving the body a natural defense against swelling from injuries that might be sustained during a fight or a flight.

parkinson's multiple scerosis

motor movement issues trembling in hands -degeneration of area in brain that controls motor movement -not enough dopamine -parkinsons and HIV are diseases where they need to be very compliant with medicine and taking it on time - degeneration of the brain, lesions in the brain

combining work and family roles

multiple roles=protective -having more roles helps with stress work and home conflict=stress -conflict between roles can lead to stress stress depends on role and priority put on role (ex: child getting sick=very stressed; co-worker sick=less stress) multiple roles for women and men

role of neurotrasmitters where do a lot of drugs work

nerve impulses down nerve to axon terminal sacs containing neurotransmitters travel to the terminal neurotransmitters leave the vesicles and go into synapse neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on dendrite receiving info a lot of drugs work at the synapse of dendrite or neuron (beta blockers block receptor) -depression drug inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters so seratonin stays in synapse longer

adrenal gland

on top of kidneys -produces response when ACTH from pituitary stimulate it to release glucocorticoids) important part of sympathetic, NE, epinephrine, adrenaline outside= release cortisol and corticosteroids inside: catecholamines which prolong the SNS

While the Fight or Flight response should be adaptive, how does it fit into our modern world? What "fight" and "flight" behaviors do people use today to manage stressors that cannot be directly confronted or from which people cannot flee?

people eat more, eat less, drink, somke, sleep, give up, yell, fight just to forget the stressor and think about something else or reduce the stress

primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, reappraisal

primary: how significant is the vent secondary: do i have the resource to cope with it reappraisal: relook at resources

problem solving vs emotion focused coping

problem focused: ways to deal with the problem directly -tangible emotion focused: usually all negative emotions -negative emotions can be adaptive and can help some people

what is coping

process of managing demands that are appraised as taxing/exceeding the person's resources two types: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping we use several coping mechanisms -stress has to do with control

laboratory acute stress paradigm

put in front of camera or large arithmetic functions as stress -give time to prepare for the speech and the anticipation for the speech produces stress experiment where they were put in stressful situation and stress was measured, such as speech or preparing for a speech

seyle's experiment

put rats under psychologic stress -led to enlargement of adrenals and shrinkage of thymus and lymphnodes -due to excessive cortisol that was released during excessive stress

reliability vs valid

reliability=consistency valid= answer the question its supposed to answer

ways to assess stress

self-report (habituated but body has not habituated) behavioral physiological biochemical multi-method approach measure stress like general health issues (headache) -operational stress accidents- lead to more stress (drive bus, operate large machines) -if my more money can access all methods

short term vs long term activation of the sympathetic nervous system

short term: doesn't lead to many health effects prolonged activation: creates allostatic load which can overcome the body's ability to adapt

other coping mechanisms

social coping meaning-focused coping: receive a lot of attention proactive coping: prepare for event before it even occurs (ex: prepare for hurricane before it came) religious coping: belief system that helps you find meaning, give social support, and good health behaviors

effects of social support on illness and health habits

social support has direct effects on stress and well-being -social support leads to health/illness

stress buffering hypothesis

social support moderates the effects on stress on health and well-being stress leads to health/illness but social support can diminish stress theory that states that social support or perception is what determines stress perceived social support is enough don't have to have real social support-the belief of social support or perception determines stress

examples of traumatic brain injuries

soldiers sports

stress

stress is negative emotional experience accompanies by predicable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes directed toward altering the stress event or accommodating to its effects

stress vs stressor

stress=response to even or stimulus stressor= event or stimulus a lot is based on people's perception of the event

psychological appraisal personal resources

stressful situation have demands and appraisals, make appraisals on demands and see how it affects experience of stress -if you have a lot of personal resources, you can meet demands -if have little personal resources, then you cant meet demand and have stress (time, money, education) -resources determine the amt of stress experienced

cataclysmic/ traumatic events

sudden, unique, and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from populations groups, sharing the experience natural disasters which are unintentional intentional: terrorist attacks man-made disasters= dam breaking, airplane crashing people recover from natural disasters faster

adrenomedullary response

sympathetic system activates adrenal glands which secrete catecholamines (NE and epinephrine) NE: both neurotransmitter and hormone epinephrine:only produced by adrenal glands

which nervous system last longer

sympathetic system last longer because hormones take longer to leave the bloodstream

social support

tangible assistance: people give you things (money, ride, food) emotional support informational support: go to source to get info invisible support: provide idea or way to feel better w/o saying directly to the other person to do it (ex: when im feeling sad, i say to myself i can do it) -giving support or an idea w/o directing the other person to do it

parasympathetic vs sympathethic

target the same organs but function reciprocally sympathetic activation decreased parasympathetic and vice versa

seyles original model leaves out what

the anticipation to the stressor, environment, personal disposition, social factors, family issues, other things happening in life too simplistic, considered all stress events to be the same -ignores situational and psychological factors that contribute to stress -person interpretation of stressful event

hypothalamix-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

the other way to activate sympathethic system and adrenal medulla perception of threatful situation which activates the hypothalamus which then activates release of corticotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates the antierior pituitary to secrete ACTH

tend and befriend

threat/stress leads to oxytocin release which leads to seek social contact under stress, body releases oxytocin and affiliate/get social contact with someone else

true or false: a person who wins $50,000 in the lottery may experience increased stress

true

true or false: a stress response includes emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactions

true

true or false: people's perception of their ability to cope with a stressful event can diminish their feelings of stress

true

true or false: stress can be adaptive

true

allostatic load

wear and tear that the body experiences as a result of prolonged activation of the physiological stress responses source of health problems like dysregulated cortisol produced with stress, high BP, insulin resistance, fat disposits, decline in cognitive abilities

women and men react to stress differently theories by taylor and colleagues

women exhibit neuroendocrine responses to stress that differ from men's reactions arise from oxytocin which is released during bonding and affiliation -oxytocin is influecnes by estrogen tend and befriend instead of fight or flight; women respond with nurture and give social support