ch 6

Prosocial behaviors start to emerge:

early in life

Children who are excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed have _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Compared to early childhood, the way children view themselves during elementary school is more _____.

realistic

externalizing tendencies

A personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

internalizing tendencies

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.

learned helplessness

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying. "I know I'm going to fail, so why should I try?"

initiative versus guilt

Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks.

industry versus inferiority

Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood (6-12 years) involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work.

occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived. Manuel, infuriated at Johnny, kicks him back.

Reactive aggression

Children with _____ tendencies tend to act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing

Aggressive children tend to misinterpret other people's behaviors; they believe these behaviors are intentionally bad and directed at them personally. This view of the world as being particularly unfriendly is called:

hostile attributional bias

Hurtful behavior that people initiate in order to receive something or reach a goal is called _____ aggression.

instrumental

Jordan pushed Henry in order to get Henry to hand over his lunch money. Jordan is demonstrating _____ aggression.

instrumental

acts designed to hurt our relationships. Not inviting Sara to a birthday party, spreading rumors, or tattling on a disliked classmate qualify as relationally aggressive acts.

relational aggression

Humans may be biologically programmed to retaliate or strike back when harmed. This is called:

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Emotion regulation

the skills involved in managing our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life.