Ch. 6: Environmental Conservation

___________ accounts a for nearly half of global wood use.

Fuelwood

How do forests and woodlands (together as a group) rank in terms of world land use?

More land is covered in forests and woodlands than by range and pasture or cropland

The majority of U.S. public rangelands are in ____ condition.

Poor

The primary goal of the _______ program, as evidenced by the acronym, is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.

REDD

Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.

True

The country of ______ currently has the highest rate of deforestation in order to support the world with ______.

Palm oil, Indonesia

________ is the fastest-growing type of forest product.

Paper pulp

How can the U.S. national parks be "loved to death"?

Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done

U.S, National Parks are primarily funded through _________.

User fees

Barren land created by the overgrazing of grasslands will reflect _______ of the sun's heat, causing even more desertification

more

The tremendous amount of biomass stored in _________ forests continues to be at risk, as these areas have decreased significantly in size in the past few decades

tropical

Five countries- Russia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea- account for approximately _______ of the world's old growth forests.

75%

Oceania

80%

A forest that has more bright, open, and windy edges as compared to the forest interior is said to be demonstrating _______.

An edge effect

Asia

26%

Africa

49%

Which of the following is not an ecosystem management philosophy?

Establishing a strategy that doesn't change

Forest ________ involves scientifically planning the planting, growth, and harvest of trees

Management

Shelterwood Harvest

Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts

Which of the following is not a product commonly associated with forests?

Minerals

The burning of plants releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which in turn may affect climate change.

True

About ______% of all world forests are in some form of conservation status.

14

During the beginning of the 21st century, which continent has had the greatest percentage of forest loss?

Africa

Strip-Cutting

All trees in a narrow corridor are harvested

Which region has had a net increase in the amount of forest area over the last 10 years due to a massive tree planting campaign?

Asia

The roadless rule __________.

Bans logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands

Old-growth forests are defined as having _________.

Been undisturbed by humans long enough for trees to live out their natural life cycle

A(n) ________ reserve is divided into zones with different purposes to allow for the protection of natural resources while improving while improving the living standards of local, native people.

Biophere

Venezuela

It claims 66%, of the country is protected, largely for preserves for indigenous people or for sustainable resource harvesting.

___________, where every tree is harvested regardless of size, is the most common lumber harvest method in North America.

Clear-Cutting

The most widely used method of lumber harvest in North America is _________.

Clear-cutting

In Africa, the main cause for deforestation is ________.

Clearing for subsistence farming

Most of the forests that remain are located in ______ and ______ regions.

Cold boreal; tropical moist

How are grasslands utilized by humans? (Mark all that apply.)

Conversion to urban areas, Conversion to cropland, Grazing domestic animals

Large preserves are considered better than small preserves because they have more ________.

Core Habitat

What can be done to protect coral reefs? (Mark all that apply.)

Create marine reserve around coral reefs, Prevent oil and gas extraction in and around coral reefs, limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs

The process where fertile land is converted to desert is called ________.

Desertification

What are the primary reasons that Brazil lost 3 million hectares of tropical forest by the end of the 20th century?

Destruction from forest fires, Clearing for cattle ranches

Rank the following protected areas according to the amount of allowed human impact, placing the area with the smallest impact at the top.

Ecological reserves, National parks, National monuments, Wildlife management areas, Scenic Landscapes

Monoculture forestry has large plantations of one type of tree that re easy to harvest. However, the lack of diversity often makes the forest poor in terms of ___________.

Ecology

In 1994, the U.S. Northwest forest management plan integrated local needs, scientific study, and best practices in land use in order to consider both human and ________ dimensions while protecting the forests and the wildlife within them.

Economic

Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to _______. (Mark all that apply)

Erosion, Damage to vegetation, more runoff

Clear-Cutting

Every tree in a given area is harvested

The United States has the largest percentage of land in protected status compared to other countries

False

The primary role of forests and grasslands is to provide natural resources for human use.

False

Rank the biomes according to how much (Percentage) each is protected, with the most protected on top.

Flooded grasslands and savannas, Tropical/subtropical moist forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, Temperate grasslands and savannas

Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves? (Mark all that apply.)

Forestry exploitation, Excessive grazing, Hydroelectric dam building, Oil drilling

One the largest marine reserves in the world is located in Australia on the ______ _________ Reef, and is about 1.3 million cubic kilometers in size.

Great Barrier

Which of the following geographic locations in the United States is primarily grasslands?

Great Plains

The significant loss of tropical forests is disconcerting as they are thought to contain at least _______.

Half of all plant, animal, and microbial, species in the world

What threatens the U.S. temperate rain forests?

Logging

Some ranchers are switching to wild species such as ______ as they seem to be more efficient and hardly than their usual domestic livestock. (Choose all that apply.)

Impala, bison, elk

_________ people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem

Indigenous

Saudi Arabia

It has a large reserve are that is mostly desert

Greenland

It has a large reserve area that is mostly ice covered

Brazil

It has the largest total area of land protected for all countries; more than 2.5 million km^2

The main drivers of overgrazing in the United States are limited funds for range improvements and _________.

Lack of enforcement of regulations

One of the criticisms of U.S. public land grazing policy is that the fees charged to ranchers commonly are _______ what would be paid to lease comparable private land.

Less expensive than

The logging of U.S. temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because ________.

Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there

A forest that has not been disturbed by humans for a long enough time period so that trees may live out their natural life cycle is termed _______. (Hint: The answer is a single, hyphenated word.)

Old-growth

United States

Only 22% of its land is protected, but land is well managed with hundreds of thousands of employees and billions of dollars in public funding

Selective cutting

Only a small percentage of trees are taken from each 10- and 20-year rotation

Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ________.

Over harvesting

Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands? (Choose all that apply.)

Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant, using rotational grazing techniques, Restoring fire to the land

Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to _______. (Mark all that apply.)

Rising sea temperatures, Destructive fishing methods, Sediment runoff

Short-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area is called ______.

Rotational Grazing

Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for _________ (Mark all that apply.)

Species with a big territory, Species such as tigers or elephants, keeping an ecosystem intact

Fire control helps _________. (Mark all that apply)

Support ecosystem regeneration, reduce buildup of dead understory material

Ecotourism can ________. (Mark all that apply)

Support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining, Encourage resource preservation, Increase a country's economic status

What is the current financial situation of the U.S. National Park System as a whole?

The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog

Rank the following from greatest percentage of world land coverage to the least, with greatest on the top of the list.

Tropical moist forest, Boreal forest, Temperate forest, Tropical dry forest

Fire Ecologists

They are necessary to clean out debris

Forests and grasslands are vital because ______. (Mark all that apply.)

They help to regulate climate, they purify air and water, they provide habitat for wildlife, they control water runoff

Local Residents

They may threaten homes

Loggers

They waste valuable lumber

What is the purpose of corridors? (Mark all that apply)

To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory, To connect a natural habitat area to smaller habitats that are already protected, To effectively create a large reserve from several small ones

What is the Purpose of a biosphere reserve?

To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities

Which of the following is not an objective of the world conservation strategy?

To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health

Closed-Canopy

Tree cover most of the ground

Old-Growth

Trees have been undisturbed longer than their natural life span

Savannas

Trees occupy less than 20% of the land

Which of these are likely to become higher, more frequent, and/ or more abundant due to deforestation?

Wildfires, Temperatures, Drought

Principle of ecosystem management include managing whole landscapes over ecological time, depending on scientifically sound __________ for decision making, and maintaining biological __________ and essential ecosystem processes.

data, diversity

Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called ________.

ecotourism

Much of the U.S. Great Plains and the Canadian Prairie Provinces are categorized as a ________ biome.

grassland

Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many _______ species have built up on rangelands.

inedible