Ch. 6: Environmental Conservation
___________ accounts a for nearly half of global wood use.
Fuelwood
How do forests and woodlands (together as a group) rank in terms of world land use?
More land is covered in forests and woodlands than by range and pasture or cropland
The majority of U.S. public rangelands are in ____ condition.
Poor
The primary goal of the _______ program, as evidenced by the acronym, is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.
REDD
Today there is more land protected, such as in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.
True
The country of ______ currently has the highest rate of deforestation in order to support the world with ______.
Palm oil, Indonesia
________ is the fastest-growing type of forest product.
Paper pulp
How can the U.S. national parks be "loved to death"?
Park visitor numbers are so high that environmental damage is done
U.S, National Parks are primarily funded through _________.
User fees
Barren land created by the overgrazing of grasslands will reflect _______ of the sun's heat, causing even more desertification
more
The tremendous amount of biomass stored in _________ forests continues to be at risk, as these areas have decreased significantly in size in the past few decades
tropical
Five countries- Russia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea- account for approximately _______ of the world's old growth forests.
75%
Oceania
80%
A forest that has more bright, open, and windy edges as compared to the forest interior is said to be demonstrating _______.
An edge effect
Asia
26%
Africa
49%
Which of the following is not an ecosystem management philosophy?
Establishing a strategy that doesn't change
Forest ________ involves scientifically planning the planting, growth, and harvest of trees
Management
Shelterwood Harvest
Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts
Which of the following is not a product commonly associated with forests?
Minerals
The burning of plants releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which in turn may affect climate change.
True
About ______% of all world forests are in some form of conservation status.
14
During the beginning of the 21st century, which continent has had the greatest percentage of forest loss?
Africa
Strip-Cutting
All trees in a narrow corridor are harvested
Which region has had a net increase in the amount of forest area over the last 10 years due to a massive tree planting campaign?
Asia
The roadless rule __________.
Bans logging, road building, and development on designated U.S. lands
Old-growth forests are defined as having _________.
Been undisturbed by humans long enough for trees to live out their natural life cycle
A(n) ________ reserve is divided into zones with different purposes to allow for the protection of natural resources while improving while improving the living standards of local, native people.
Biophere
Venezuela
It claims 66%, of the country is protected, largely for preserves for indigenous people or for sustainable resource harvesting.
___________, where every tree is harvested regardless of size, is the most common lumber harvest method in North America.
Clear-Cutting
The most widely used method of lumber harvest in North America is _________.
Clear-cutting
In Africa, the main cause for deforestation is ________.
Clearing for subsistence farming
Most of the forests that remain are located in ______ and ______ regions.
Cold boreal; tropical moist
How are grasslands utilized by humans? (Mark all that apply.)
Conversion to urban areas, Conversion to cropland, Grazing domestic animals
Large preserves are considered better than small preserves because they have more ________.
Core Habitat
What can be done to protect coral reefs? (Mark all that apply.)
Create marine reserve around coral reefs, Prevent oil and gas extraction in and around coral reefs, limit harvesting methods in and around coral reefs
The process where fertile land is converted to desert is called ________.
Desertification
What are the primary reasons that Brazil lost 3 million hectares of tropical forest by the end of the 20th century?
Destruction from forest fires, Clearing for cattle ranches
Rank the following protected areas according to the amount of allowed human impact, placing the area with the smallest impact at the top.
Ecological reserves, National parks, National monuments, Wildlife management areas, Scenic Landscapes
Monoculture forestry has large plantations of one type of tree that re easy to harvest. However, the lack of diversity often makes the forest poor in terms of ___________.
Ecology
In 1994, the U.S. Northwest forest management plan integrated local needs, scientific study, and best practices in land use in order to consider both human and ________ dimensions while protecting the forests and the wildlife within them.
Economic
Overgrazing of livestock on land leads to _______. (Mark all that apply)
Erosion, Damage to vegetation, more runoff
Clear-Cutting
Every tree in a given area is harvested
The United States has the largest percentage of land in protected status compared to other countries
False
The primary role of forests and grasslands is to provide natural resources for human use.
False
Rank the biomes according to how much (Percentage) each is protected, with the most protected on top.
Flooded grasslands and savannas, Tropical/subtropical moist forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, Temperate grasslands and savannas
Which of the following are potential threats to established preserves? (Mark all that apply.)
Forestry exploitation, Excessive grazing, Hydroelectric dam building, Oil drilling
One the largest marine reserves in the world is located in Australia on the ______ _________ Reef, and is about 1.3 million cubic kilometers in size.
Great Barrier
Which of the following geographic locations in the United States is primarily grasslands?
Great Plains
The significant loss of tropical forests is disconcerting as they are thought to contain at least _______.
Half of all plant, animal, and microbial, species in the world
What threatens the U.S. temperate rain forests?
Logging
Some ranchers are switching to wild species such as ______ as they seem to be more efficient and hardly than their usual domestic livestock. (Choose all that apply.)
Impala, bison, elk
_________ people should be allowed to stay on preserved land as they often have important knowledge that can be used to help manage and preserve the ecosystem
Indigenous
Saudi Arabia
It has a large reserve are that is mostly desert
Greenland
It has a large reserve area that is mostly ice covered
Brazil
It has the largest total area of land protected for all countries; more than 2.5 million km^2
The main drivers of overgrazing in the United States are limited funds for range improvements and _________.
Lack of enforcement of regulations
One of the criticisms of U.S. public land grazing policy is that the fees charged to ranchers commonly are _______ what would be paid to lease comparable private land.
Less expensive than
The logging of U.S. temperate rainforests has been especially contentious over the past few decades because ________.
Of the threat to the vast diversity and specific animals that live there
A forest that has not been disturbed by humans for a long enough time period so that trees may live out their natural life cycle is termed _______. (Hint: The answer is a single, hyphenated word.)
Old-growth
United States
Only 22% of its land is protected, but land is well managed with hundreds of thousands of employees and billions of dollars in public funding
Selective cutting
Only a small percentage of trees are taken from each 10- and 20-year rotation
Ocean fish stocks are on the decline primarily because of ________.
Over harvesting
Which of the following are methods that ranchers are experimenting with to improve the health of the rangelands? (Choose all that apply.)
Raising wild species that are more efficient and disease-resistant, using rotational grazing techniques, Restoring fire to the land
Coral reefs are the most threatened marine ecosystem due to _______. (Mark all that apply.)
Rising sea temperatures, Destructive fishing methods, Sediment runoff
Short-duration confinement of livestock to a small penned-in feeding area is called ______.
Rotational Grazing
Protecting a single large reserve is beneficial for _________ (Mark all that apply.)
Species with a big territory, Species such as tigers or elephants, keeping an ecosystem intact
Fire control helps _________. (Mark all that apply)
Support ecosystem regeneration, reduce buildup of dead understory material
Ecotourism can ________. (Mark all that apply)
Support sustainability by replacing extractive industries such as logging and mining, Encourage resource preservation, Increase a country's economic status
What is the current financial situation of the U.S. National Park System as a whole?
The parks earn most of their own money but have a huge maintenance backlog
Rank the following from greatest percentage of world land coverage to the least, with greatest on the top of the list.
Tropical moist forest, Boreal forest, Temperate forest, Tropical dry forest
Fire Ecologists
They are necessary to clean out debris
Forests and grasslands are vital because ______. (Mark all that apply.)
They help to regulate climate, they purify air and water, they provide habitat for wildlife, they control water runoff
Local Residents
They may threaten homes
Loggers
They waste valuable lumber
What is the purpose of corridors? (Mark all that apply)
To allow populations to expand into new breeding territory, To connect a natural habitat area to smaller habitats that are already protected, To effectively create a large reserve from several small ones
What is the Purpose of a biosphere reserve?
To allow protected areas to exist side-by-side with supporting human activities
Which of the following is not an objective of the world conservation strategy?
To mandate seasons when no visitors are allowed inside parks to improve ecosystem health
Closed-Canopy
Tree cover most of the ground
Old-Growth
Trees have been undisturbed longer than their natural life span
Savannas
Trees occupy less than 20% of the land
Which of these are likely to become higher, more frequent, and/ or more abundant due to deforestation?
Wildfires, Temperatures, Drought
Principle of ecosystem management include managing whole landscapes over ecological time, depending on scientifically sound __________ for decision making, and maintaining biological __________ and essential ecosystem processes.
data, diversity
Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable is called ________.
ecotourism
Much of the U.S. Great Plains and the Canadian Prairie Provinces are categorized as a ________ biome.
grassland
Because grazing cattle consume the edible species, many _______ species have built up on rangelands.
inedible