Ch. 6 Motivation

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valence

Sam is nervous about donating blood at the blood drive at work, but sees coworkers donating blood and thinks, "If they can do it, I can do it!" This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

vicarious experiences

Which of the following would be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?

-Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work. -Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package.

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

-assignment of an ambiguous goal -lack of confidence

An employee has just learned that a coworker, who has less experience and education, is earning a higher salary. Which three of the following actions would be the most likely results of this equity distress?

-becoming angry or envious -reducing efforts on the job -asking the boss for a raise

Which of the following would be characterized as intrinsic motivations?

-bob takes as many cooking classes as he can find because he loves to cook -tiana is auditing a psychology course at the community college because she finds the subject fascinating

Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?

-recognition -salary increase

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts?

-the employee has feelings of psychological empowerment -the employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality -the employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals

Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What role does Kendra's coworker fulfill, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

According to equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?

comparison others

According to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?

difficult and specific

Shawn has just learned that a coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns a higher salary. According to equity theory, what will Shawn experience?

equity distress

What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?

equity theory

Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?

equity theory

A student believes that studying hard for the next organizational behavior test will result in good performance. What kind of belief does this exemplify?

expectancy

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation.

external

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

Elena is the sales manager for a floor tiling company. She sees that the sales numbers for her employee Roger have been slipping and wants him to do a better job. Under goal-setting theory, which of the following goals for Roger would most likely result in higher levels of task performance?

increase sales by 25% during the next quarter

A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing _______.

instrumentality

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ________ forces in motivation.

internal

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?

intrinsic

In the context of work, what quality results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions?

meaningfulness

Rauda is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. She feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. Which element of psychological empowerment does this exemplify?

meaningfulness

What is the term for cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences?

needs

Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?

organizational

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overreward equity

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

pay; promotions

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?

self-determination

Which dimension of psychological empowerment is experienced by employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks?

self-determination

An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?

self-efficacy

What employee motivator tends to produce the best professional results?

self-efficacy

Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills; experience

True or false: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

true

true or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

true