Ch. 7

The ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is considered ____ intelligence

analytical

The ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is known as ______ intelligence.

analytical

The ___ heuristic refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.

availability

Thinking that a plane crash is more likely than a car crash because you can easily remember dramatic images of plane crashes on TV is an example of what cognitive shortcut?

availability heuristic

The meaningless speechlike sounds uttered by infants, such as dadada, is called

babble or babbling

When considering the ___ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.

biological

Seeking to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed is the approach to which type of psychology?

cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics is called a(n)

concept

______ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

You ignore or forget all information that is inconsistent with your point of view. In doing so, you display ___ bias.

confirmation

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among these alternatives is known as

decision making

A learning difference characterized by problems in learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite typical intelligence, is called

dyslexia

Infinite ___ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences.

generativity

Estimates of ___ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

heritability

The tendency to report falsely that we accurately predicted an outcome after it occurred is called

hindsight bias

Reasoning from the specific to the general is called ___ reasoning.

inductive

Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up is known as

inductive reasoning. (general to specific is deductive)

In the United States, _____ is generally defined as an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as

intelligence.

A form of communication based on a system of symbols is known as

language

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before ____ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

language

We use ______—symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules—to communicate our ideas.

language

The term ___ means being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

mindfulness

All of the following are aspects of thinking, except

physically manipulating objects

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as ___. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

reasoning

Deductive reasoning is which of the following?

reasoning from the general to the specific

The extent to which a test gives a consistent, reproducible measure of performance is called

reliability

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not

reliable

A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions, and the subject gets the same score each time. The researcher then realizes that the test is measuring personality, not intelligence. What describes the researcher's test?

reliable but not valid

Sarah sees an older lady who is wearing glasses and has her hair styled in a bun. Sarah guesses that the lady is her school's librarian because she fits Sarah's librarian stereotype, even though there are far more teachers than librarians at her school. What has Sarah fallen prey to?

representativeness heuristic

The ____ heuristic is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group, rather than on available base rate information.

representativeness or representative

Gary has decided to landscape his front yard. He has set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using ___ in reaching his goal of a new front yard.

subgoals

Intermediate goals, or intermediate problems to solve, that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution are known as

subgoals

What is reliability?

the extent to which a test gives a consistent, reproducible measure of performance

What is validity?

the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

What is reasoning?

the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

What is hindsight bias?

the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome

Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is

thinking

Cognitive psychology is the study of

thought, language, memory, and reasoning.

An IQ test is considered ____ if it actually measures intelligence.

valid

Which of the following are typical traits of intellectually gifted people?

- socially well-adjusted - academically advanced - superior talent in a particular area - IQ of 130 or above

What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted?

- well-adjusted - higher than normal IQ