Ch 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

extensor digitorum m.

extends fingers or toes

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

ESWT

extracorporeal shock wave therapy

ocul/o-

eye

opt/o-

eye; vision

faci/o-

face

pronat/o-

face down

vomer

facial bone that forms in the inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to join the sphenoid bone

zygoma

facial bone that is a cheek bone and goes to the edge of the eye socket. aka zygomatic bone

maxilla

facial bone that is the immovable upper jaw bone. it supports the nose and lips and contains the roots of the upper teeth and the maxillary sinuses. the maxilla consists of two fused maxillary bones.

mandible

facial bone that is the lower jaw and contains the roots of the lower teeth. it is the only movable bone in the skull and forms a joint in front of the ear with the temporal bone(the temporomandibular joint)

palatine bones

facial bones that are small and flat and form the posterior hard palate

nasal bones

facial bones that form the bridge of the nose and the root of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bones

facial bones within the eye socket. they are small, flat bones near the lacrimal glands, which produce tears

infertility

failure of a woman to conceive after at least on year of regular sexual intercourse. in the man is infertile, it can be because of hormone imbalance of FSH or LH, undescended testicles, a varicocele, damage to testes from mumps, infection of testes, too few spermatozoa, or abnormal spermatozoa

cryptorchidism

failure of one of both of the testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. this causes a low sperm count and male infertility. aka cryptorchism. need testosterone drug and orchioplexy

syncop/o-

fainting

fasci/o-

fascia

myelin

fatty sheath around a larger axon. its an insulating layer that is important for the conduction of electrical impulses. an axon with myelin is myelinated. myelin around larger axons in the brain and spinal cord is produced by oligodendroglia. myelin around larger axons in the cranial and spinal nerves is produced by the Schwann cells

phob/o-

fear; avoidance

gynec/o-

female; woman

femor/o-

femur(thigh bone)

incontinence

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. can be due to spinal cord injury, surgery on prostate gland, unconsciousness, or a mental condition such as dementia.

dendrites

multiple branches at the beginning of a neuron whose receptors bind with a neurotransmitter and convert it to an electrical impulse

muscul/o-

muscle

my/o-

muscle

myos/o-

muscle

fibrill/o-

muscle fiber; nerve fiber

cardiac muscle

muscle of the heart that pumps blood through the circulatory system. an involuntary muscle that is not under conscious control.

hemiparesis

muscle weakness on one side of body

muscul/o-

muscular

MD

muscular dystrophy

spermatic cord

muscular tube that contains arteries, veins, and nerves for each testis as well as the vas deferens. it passes through the inguinal canal

myelin/o-

myelin

proxim/o-

near the center or point of origin

nuch/o-

neck

cervic/o-

neck; cervix

nerv/o-

nerve

neur/o-

nerve

efferent nerves

nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body

afferent nerves

nerves that carry sensory nerve impulses from body to spinal cord or brain

NICU

neurologic intensive care unit

tibialis anterior m.

of anterior lower leg that bends the foot up toward the leg(dorsiflexion)

vastus lateralis m.

of anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen(flexion) and straightens the lower leg(extension). the vastus medialis m has the same action

semitendinosus m.

of posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly(extension), bends the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion), and rotates the leg medially. the semimembranosus m has the same action

rectus abdominis m.

of the abdomen that bends the upper body forward (flexion) and compresses the anterior abdominal wall

external abdominal oblique m.

of the abdomen that bends the upper body forward(flexion), rotates the side of the body medially, and compresses the side of the abdominal wall. the internal abdominal oblique m lies directly beneath it and performs the same movements, but its muscle fibers are oriented in the opposite direction

brachioradialis m.

of the anterior lower arm that bends the lower arm toward the upper arm(flexion)

biceps brachii m.

of the anterior upper arm that bends the upper arm toward the shoulder(flexion) and bends the lower arm toward the upper arm(flexion). origin of this muscles has two heads

rectus femoris m.

of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen (flexion) and straightens the lower leg (extension)

sartorius m.

of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen(flexion) and rotates it laterally

latissimus dorsi m.

of the back that moves the arm posteriorly and medially toward the vertebral column(adduction)

gluteus maximus m.

of the buttocks that moves the upper leg posteriorly (extension) and rotates it laterally

pectoralis major m.

of the chest that moves the arm anteriorly and medially across the chest(adduction)

frontalis m.

of the forehead that moves that forehead skin and eyebrows

peroneus longus m.

of the lateral lower leg that raises the lateral edge of the foot(eversion) and bends the foot downward (plantar flexion)

sternocleidomastoid m.

of the neck that bends the head toward the sternum(flexion) and turns the head to either side(rotation). its origin is at two muscle heads on the sternum and clavicle. its insertion is at the mastoid process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

platysma m.

of the neck that moves the mandible down

gastrocnemius m.

of the posterior lower leg that bends the foot downward(plantar flexion) and lets you stand on tiptoe

triceps brachii m.

of the posterior upper arm that straightens the lower arm(extension). origin has three heads.

biceps femoris m.

of the posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly(extension) and bends the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion). origin has two heads.

deltoid m.

of the shoulder that raises the arm and moves the arm away from the body(abduction)

trapezius m.

of the shoulder that raises the shoulder, pulls the shoulder blades together, and elevates the clavicle. it turns the head from side to side(rotation) and moves the head posteriorly(extension).

masseter m.

of the side of the face that moves the mandible upward

temporalis m.

of the side of the head that moves the mandible upward and backward

sen/o-

old age

extern/o-

outside

extra-

outside of

dyspareunia

painful or difficult sexual intercourse or postcoital pain. caused by infection of penis or prostate gland, chord of penis, or phimosis.

spinal traction

procedure in which a fracture of the vertebra is immobilized while it heals. two metal pins are surgically inserted into the cranium and attached to a set of tongs with a rope and pulley and 7-10 pounds of weight. a patient with a partially healed fracture of the vertebra can be fitted for a halo vest with pins in the cranium attached to a metal ring(halo). allows patient to walk around.

bursa

sac of synovial membrane that contains synovial fluid. it decreases friction where a tendon rubs against a bone near a synovial joint

sacr/o-

sacrum

olig/o-

scanty; few

scapul/o-

scapula(shoulder blade)

external genitalia

scrotum, testes, epididymides, penis, and urethra

myofibril

section of a muscle fiber that contains thin strands (actin) and thick strands (myosin) that give its characteristic striated appearance under a microscope

gon/o-

seed(ovum or spermatozoon)

-lepsy

seizure

convuls/o-

seizure

epilept/o-

seizure

ict/o-

seizure

aut/o-

self

ganglion

semisolid or fluid containing cyst that develops on a tendon, often in the wrist, hand, or foot. its a rounded lump under the skin and may or may not be painful. need: needle aspiration of fluid from ganglion or surgical removal(ganglionectomy)

extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT)

sound waves produced outside of body used to break up bone spurs and treat other minor but painful problems in the foot.

subarachnoid space

space beneath the arachnoid layer of the meninges. it is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

synapse

space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. space between the axon of a neuron and the cells of a muscle, organ or gland

interstiti/o-

spaces within tissues

spast/o-

spasm

SG (sp gr)

specific gravity

migraine headache

specific type of reoccurring headache with sudden onset, sever throbbing pain, often on one side of head. caused by constriction of arteries to brain followed by sudden dilation(which causes pain) accompanied by the release of neuropeptides by trigeminal nerve which causes inflammation

phas/o-

speech

semin/i-

spermatozoon; sperm

semin/o-

spermatozoon; sperm

-sphere

sphere; ball

arachn/o-

spider; spider web

SCI

spinal cord injury

radicul/o-

spinal nerve root

rhiz/o-

spinal nerve; root

spin/o-

spine; backbone

fiss/o-

splitting

cancellous bone

spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones. its spaces are filled with red bone marrow that makes blood cells. it is also found in the skull, clavicles, sternum, ribs, vertebra, and hip bones.

styl/o-

stake

astrocyte

star-shaped cell that provides structural support for neurons, connects them to capillaries, and forms the blood-brain barrier

astr/o-

starlike structure

-ancy

state of

-ence

state of

-physis

state of growing

-ptosis

state of prolapse; drooping, falling

-ity

state; condition

-steriod

steriod

steriod/o-

steriod

stern/o-

sternum(breast bone)

-steroid

steroid

gastr/o-

stomach

calcul/o-

stone

orth/o-

straight

extens/o-

straightening

extension

straightening and extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or two body parts. an extensor is a muscle that produces extension when it contracts

sens/o-

sensation

anethesia

sensation lost. can have temporary loss from nerve compression. third degree burns permeant damage. permanent under spinal cord injury.

alges/o-

sensation of pain

esthes/o-

sensation; feeling

esthet/o-

sensation; feeling

audit/o-

sense of hearing

olfact/o-

sense of smell

gustat/o-

sense of taste

urgency

strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly. caused by obstruction from enlarged prostate gland, or inflammation from UTI

nucleus

structure in the cell body of a neuron that directs cellular activities

bulb/o-

structure like a bulb

receptor

structure on the cell membrane of an dendrite(or on a muscle, organ, or gland) where a neurotransmitter binds

trochle/o-

structure shaped like a pulley

muscle

structure that produces movement of the body

format/o-

structure; arrangement

narc/o-

stupor; sleep

skeletomuscular system

the combined systems of the bones and muscles. the bones provide the support for the muscles, and the muscles enable the bones to move. it is also known as the musculoskeletal system.

fascia

thin connective sheet around each muscle fascicle and around the muscle itself. it merges to become part of the tendon.

pia mater

thin, delicate innermost layer of the meninges. it covers the surface of the brain and contains many small blood vessels.

arachnoid

thin, middle layer of the meninges that contains a spider-weblike network of fibers that go into the subarachnoid space

retinaculum

thin, nearly translucent band of fibrous tissue and fascia that holds down tendons that cross the wrist and ankle.

man/o-

thin; frenzy

-triptor

thing that crushes

-ite

thing that pertains to

fibula

thinner of the two bones of the lower leg, located on the little toe side. the adjectives fibular and peroneal mean fibula.

intra-

within

athet/o-

without position or place

an-

without; not

e-

without; out

lex/o-

word

log/o-

word; the study of

carp/o-

wrist

DJD

degenerative joint disease

-plasm

growth; formed substance

suspens/o-

hanging

scler/o-

hard; sclera(white of the eye)

global aphasia

have both forms

-ory

having the function of

-cephalus

head

cephal/o-

head

brainstem auditory evoked potential/response (BAEP/BAER)

headphones play series of clicks in one ear and then the other. this evaluates nerve pathways form the ears to the cerebrum.

hyperesthesia

heightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increase response to painful stimuli.

pyelonephritis

imflammation and infection of renal pelvis of the kidney. infection of the kidney(nephritis) also involves the renal pelves. caused by bacterial infection of the bladder that goes up the ureters to the kidneys.

-blast

immature cell

temporalis

location: temporal bone of the cranium

K, K+

potassium

kal/i-

potassium

pH

potential of hydrogen (acid or alkaline)

scrotum

pouch of skin that holds the two testes

de-

reversal of; without

WBCs

if milky or cloudy, TNTC

ili/o-

ilium(hip bone)

spermatocyte

immature spermatozoon in the wall of the seminiferous tubule

blast/o-

immature; embryonic

suture joint

immovable joint btwn two cranial bones; contains no cartilage

immun/o-

immune response

RIND

reversible ischemic neurologic deficit

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

RF

rheumatoid factor

cost/o-

rib

cost/o-

ribs

patella

thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint. aka kneecap

-verse

to travel; to turn

vers/o-

to travel; to turn

vert/o-

to travel; to turn

WBC

white blood cell

epidural space

area btwn the dura mater and the vertebral body. filled with fatty tissue and blood vessels

cortical bone

dense, compact weight bearing bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone

densit/o-

density

dextr/o-

right

RLE

right lower ext

RUE

right upper ext

cystoscopy

rigid or flexible cystoscope inserted through urethra to examine bladder.

rhabd/o-

rod shaped

cytoplasm

area in the cell body of a neuron that contains structures that produce neurotransmitter and energy for the neuron

dendr/o-

branching structure

ly/o-

break down; destroy

lys/o-

break down; destroy

comminut/o-

break into small pieces

fract/o-

break up

humerus

long bone of the upper arm. head of humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to make the shoulder joint.

femur

long bone of the upper leg. aka thigh bone. the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to make the hip joint

urinalysis(UA)

describes urine and detects substances in it. quick one can be done with a dipstick or urine specimen can be sent to lab for full analysis.

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act

epiphys/o-

enlarged area at the end of a long bone

spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves. each pair joins the spinal cord in the ares btwn two vertebra. an individual spinal nerve consists of dorsal nerve roots and ventral nerve roots

DNA analysis (semen test)

DNA analysis of semen from crime scene or rape victim can be compared to samples of known DNA in a criminal database. can be used to prove paternity

nephrotomography

CAT scan and contrast dye injected intravenously. takes X-ray images as multiple slices through kidneys. images can be examined layer by layer to show exact location of tumors

CDCP

CDC and prevention

olfactory nerve

CN I. sensory nerve. sense of smell.

optic nerve

CN II. sensory nerve. sense of vision

oculomotor nerve

CN III. motor nerve. movement of the eyeball, eyelids, and iris(to change diameter of pupil)

trochlear nerve

CN IV. motor nerve. movement of eyeball

trigeminal nerve

CN V. sensory and motor nerve. sensation in the face and mouth. movement of the muscles for chewing. it consists of three branches: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve.

vestibulocochlear nerve

CN VIII. sensory nerve. sense of hearing and balance. aka auditory nerve.

vagus nerve

CN X. sensory and motor nerve. sensation of taste from the soft palate and throat. sensation in the ears, diaphragm, and the internal organs. it controls the heart rate and the smooth muscles in the bronchi and GI tract.

accessory nerve

CN XI. motor nerve. movement of muscle for swallowing, the vocal cords, and muscles of the neck and upper back. two if its nerve branches also assist the vagus nerve.

hypoglossal nerve

CN XII. motor nerve. movement of the tongue

reversible ischemic nuerologic deficit(RIND)

CVA whose effects last for several days

osteomyelitis

infection in the bone and the bone marrow. bacteria enter the bone following an open fracture, crush injury, or surgical procedure. antibiotic drug.

D.C.

Doctor of Chiropracty or Chiropractic Medicine

skelet/o-

skeleton

IVP

intravenous pyelography

cutane/o-

skin

vas deferens

long tube that receives spermatozoa from the epididymus and carries them to the seminal vesicles. aka ductus deferens

dermat/o-

skin

torn meniscus

tear of cartilage pad of knee because of injury. arthroscopy and repair.

spad/o-

tear; opening

cerebral palsy(CP)

caused by lack of oxygen to parts of fetus's brain during birth. result can include spastic muscles; lack of coordination in walking, eating, and talking; muscle paralysis; seizures; or mental retardation.

lacrim/o-

tears

tempor/o-

temple(side of head)

hy/o-

U shaped structure

pyuria

WBCs in the urine, indicating a UTI. severe pyuria can cause urine to be cloudy or milky, or number of WBCs may be so few that must be seen under microscope.

epididymis

long, coiled tube on outer wall of each testis. it receives spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules, stores them, and destroys defective spermatozoa

renal angiography

X-rays and contrast dye intravenously that flows through blood into renal artery. outlines renal artery and shows any obstruction or blockage. aka renal arteriography. image known as renal angiogram or renal arteriogram

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bone due to a deficiency of Vitamin D in the diet or inadequate exposure to the sun whose rays make Vitamin D in the skin. in children, this causes rickets with bone pain and fractures. Need vitamin D supplement and sun exposure.

scrot/o-

a bag; scrotum

braces and adaptive devices

a brace is an orthopedic device known as an orthosis that supports and straightens a body part that has weak muscles. it keeps the body part in anatomical alignment while still permitting movement. an adaptive or assistive device increases mobility and independence by helping a physically challenged patient perform activities of daily living. Ex: grasper to extend the reach, spoons that can be attached to the wrist, and extra large pens that can be easily grasped.

fascicle

a bundle composed of many muscle fibers. surrounded by fascia. many fascicles grouped together form a muscle

nerve

a bundle of individual neurons

gamete

a cell(male spermatozoon or female ovum) that has 23 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 chromosomes like other cells

hypokalemia

a decreased amount of potassium in the blood. usually due to a diuretic drug that causes kidneys to excrete an excessive amount of urine(and potassium)

synovial joint

a fully movable joint. there are two types: hinge joint(elbow and knee) and ball-and-socket joints(hip and shoulder). ligaments hold the bone ends together. the bone ends are covered with articular cartilage. the inner surface of the joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

goniometry

a goniometer used to measure the angle of a joint and its range of motion

substantia nigra

a gray-to-black pigmented area in the midbrain of the brainstem that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine

foramen

a hole in a bone. foramen magnum is the largest. spinal cord passes through it to join the brain. there is a foramen in the vertebra where the spinal cord passes through. there are small foramina in the bones where blood vessels go through to the bone marrow.

locat/o-

a place

-ation

a process; being or having

-gram

a record or picture

somatosensory evoked potential/response (SSEP/SSER)

a small electrical impulse is administered to arm or leg. evaluates nerve pathways from the extremities to the cerebrum.

-poietin

a substance that forms

-on

a substance; structure

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

a temporary lack of oxygen to an area of the brain, effects only last 24 hours

-il

a thing

abdomin/o-

abdomen

fertil/o-

able to conceive a child

-omatosis

abnormal condition of tumor or masses

-olisthesis

abnormal condition with slipping

dyskinesia

abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles. attempts at movement become tics, muscle spasms, muscle jerking(myoclonus), or slow wandering purposeless writhing of the hand(athetoid movements) in which some muscles of the fingers are flexed and others are extended. it's in association with neurological disorderes(parkinson's; huntington's chorea; cerebral palsy;etc)

paresthesia

abnormal sensations, such as tingling, burning to pinpricks arr felt on skin. chronic nerve damage from pinches nerve or diabetic neuropathy

chondromalacia patellae

abnormal softening of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear. the thigh muscle pulls the patella in a crooked path that wears away the underside of the bone. strengthening of the thigh muscle to correct the direction of its contraction.

osteoporosis

abnormal thinning of bone structure. when bone breakdown exceeds bone formation, calcium and phosphorus are lost, and bone becomes osteoporotic(porous) with many small areas of demineralization. this can cause a compression fracture as a vertebra collapses in on itself. the vertebral column decreases in height, the patient becomes shorter, and there is an abnormal curvature of the upper back and shoulders(dowager's hump). osteoporosis can cause a spontaneous fracture(pathologic fracture) of the hip or femur. sometimes its unclear whether an older patient fell and fractured the bone or whether the osteoporotic bone spontaneously fracture and caused the patient to fall. it occurs in postmenopausal women and older men. estradiol in women simulates bone formation, and loss of estradiol at menopause leads to osteoporosis. a lack of dietary calcium and a lack of exercise contribute to the process. need bone density test for diagnosis; drug to decrease the rate of bone resorption or drug to activate estradiol receptors, and calcium supplement.

priapism

abnormal, continuing erection of the penis with pain and tenderness. caused by spinal cord injury or side effect of a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction

scoliosis

abnormal, excessive, C-shaped or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine. the back is said to have scoliotic curvature. a dextroscoliosis curves to patients right, while levoscoliosis is to patients right. can be congenital but cause often unknown. develops during childhood and may continue to progress during adolescence. it impairs movement, posture, and breathing. an X-ray shows the degree of curvature. back brace of surgery.

lordosis

abnormal, excessive, anterior curvature of the lumber spine. aka swayback. back said to have lordic curvature. back brace or surgery.

kyphosis

abnormal, excessive, posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. aka humpback or hunchback. the back is said to have kyphotic curvature. kyphoscoliosis is a complex curvature with components of both kyphosis and scoliosis. back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten a severely curved spine.

arteriovenous malformation(AVM)

abnormality in which arteries in the brain connect directly to veins(not capillaries) forming twisted nest of blood vessels. can rupture and cause a stroke.

nephroptosis

abnormally low position of kidney. sometimes requires surgery but more often mentioned in incidental finding seen on an X-ray

bradykinesia

abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous muscle movements. usually associated with parkinson's disease, a neurological disease of the brain. need drug for parkinson's disease

AKA

above knee amp

hyper-

above; more than normal

anuria

absence of urine production by kidneys bc of acute or chronic renal failure.

acetabul/o-

acetabulum(hip socket)

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

trans-

across; through

extensor digitorum

action: extends location: digits

flexor hallucis brevis

action: flexes location: big toe(hallux) size: short(brevis)

-ion

action; condition

-ment

action; state

ADLs

activities of daily living

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, particularly of the joints. an autoimmune disorder in which the patient's own antibodies attack cartilage and connective tissue. usually young to middle aged females. redness and swelling of joints, often hands and feet. joint cartilage is slowly destroyed by inflammation. symptoms flare and subside over time, with progressive deformity in the joints

prostatitis

acute or chronic bacterial infection of the prostate gland. caused by UTI or STD.

radiculopathy

acute or chronic condition that occurs because of tumor, arthritis, or herniated nucleus pulpous(HNP)(aka slipped disk)(aka sciatica because disk presses on sciatic nerve)(when contents of intervertebral disk forced out though weak area in disk wall). these press on nearby spinal nerve roots.

ARF

acute renal failure

post-

after; behind

meta-

after; subsequent to; transition; change

re-

again and again; backward; unable to

anti-

against

protein

albumin not normally found in urine. presence in dictated damage to glomerulus

radic/o-

all parts including the root

AFP

alpha fetoprotein

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

hyperkinesis

an abnormally increased amount of muscle movements. restlessness. can be a side effect of a drug

spermatozoon

an individual mature sperm. bc it contains 23 chromosomes, it is a gamete. the flagellum is the long tail on a spermatozoon that makes it move. aka the sperm

neuron

an individual nerve cell. functional part of nervous system

restless leg syndrome(RLS)

an uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the muscles of the legs, particularly the calf muscles, along with an indescribable tingling, aching, or crawling insect sensation. usually occurs at night and can interfere with sleep. exact cause is unknown. need: drug Requip, which stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain. tranquilizer drug may be of some help

goni/o-

angle

-zoon

animal; living thing

tars/o-

ankle

AP

anterioposterior

anti-CCP

anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide

closed fracture

any fracture in which the bone does not break the skin

hypothalamus

area in the center of the brain just below the thalamus that coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata. it controls the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, sensations of hunger and thirst. it also produces hormones as part of the endocrine system; it has a stalk of tissue that con nests it to the pituitary gland of the endocrine system

thalamus

area in the center of the cerebrum that is a relay statio. it takes sensory nerve impulses from the cranial and spinal nerves and sends them to the midbrain and the cerebrum

gustatory cortex

area in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information from taste receptors in the tongue for sense of taste

visual cortex

area in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory information from receptors in the retina of each eye for the sense of sight

olfactory cortex

area in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory in formation from receptors in the nose for the sense of smell

auditory cortex

area in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information from receptors in the cochlea for the sense of hearing

infarct/o-

area of dead tissue

belly of the muscle

area of greatest mass, usually the center of the muscle midway bwtn origin and insertion

perineum

area of skin between anus and scrotum

somatosensory area

area of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory information from receptors in the skin, joints, and muscles.

neuromuscular junction

area on a single muscle fiber where a nerve cell connects to it

joint

area where two bones come together. aka articulation. there are three types of joints: suture, symphysis, and synovial.

gen/o-

arising from; produced

gen/o-

arising from; produced by

brachi/o-

arm

circum-

around

peri-

around

orbicularis oculi m.

around the eye that closes the eyelids

obicularis oris m.

around the mouth that closes the lips

align/o-

arranged in a straight line

arteri/o-

artery

prosthet/o-

artificial part

lyme disease

artritis causes by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick. erythematous rash that expands outward from bite for several weeks(bulls eye rash) but is not itchy. joint pain, fever, chills, and fatigue. if untreated, can cause severe fatigue and affect the nervous system(numbness, severe headache) and the heart. antibiotic drug.

AVM

ateriovenous malformation

guillain-barre syndrome

autoimmune disorder where body makes antibodies against myelin. acute inflammation or peripheral nerves, loss of myelin with interruption of nerve conduction, ,muscle weakness, changes in sensation. from infection stress or trauma.begins in legs then the whole body. does not reoccur

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disorder with abnormal and rapid fatigue of the muscles, particularly in muscles of the face, where there is ptosis(dropping) of the eyelids. weakness worsens during the day, but is relieved by rest. body produces antibodies against its own acteylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers that destroy many of the receptors. normal levels of acetylcholine but too few receptors remain to produce a sustained muscle contraction. need: thymectomy to remove the thymus because it contributes to the abnormal immune response; drug that prolongs the action of acetylcholine. plasmapheresis to remove antibodies from the blood.

ab-

away from

dis-

away from

dist/o-

away from the center or point or origin

a-

away from; without

axi/o-

axis

dors/o-

back; dorsum

UTI (urinary tract infection)

bacterial infection somewhere in urinary tract, most often caused by E. coli which is normally found in intestines and rectum. Urethritis is when infection is only in urethra. cystitis is when infection is in bladder. pyelonephritis is infection in kidney. because of short length of urethra in women and its location close to anus, women are more prone to UTIs then men. Catheterization can also introduce bacteria. helps to acidify urine like drinking cranberry juice

mal-

bad; inadequate

alkal/o-

base

anter/o-

before; front part

pre-

before; in front of

retr/o-

behind; backward

potent/o-

being capable of doing

BKA

below knee amp

hypo-

below; deficient

sub-

below; underneath

flex/o-

bending

flexion

bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts. a flexor is a muscle that produces flexion when it contracts

stone basketing

cystoscope inserted into bladder. stone basket passed through to snare a kidney stone and remove it

meningioma

benign form meninges around brain or spinal cord

schwannoma

benign form schwann cells near cranial or spinal nerves

ependymoma

benign from ependymal cells that line ventricles

benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH)

benign gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages. the enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra and causes the bladder to retain urine. there is a hesitancy and dribbling on urination and a narrowed caliber of the urine stream.

glioma

benign or malignant from any neuroglial cell

brain tumor

benign or malignant tumor anywhere in brain. they arise from neuroglia or meninges, rather than from neurons themselves. named according to type of cell fro which they originated. malignant brain tumors can be secondary tumors that metastasized from a primary malignant tumor elsewhere in the body. because cranium is rigid, the enlarging tumor causes increased intracranial pressure(ICP), cerebral edema, and sometimes seizures. pressure compresses and destroys brain tissues

BPH

benign prostatic hypertrophy

rhabdomyoma

benign tumor in a muscle. need surgical removal

neuroma

benign tumor of nerve or cell of nervous system. morton's neuroma from repetitive damage to nerve near matetarsophalangeal joints btwn ball of foot and toes

cysto

cystoscopy(slang)

chondroma

bening tumor of the cartilage. surgical removal if necessry

kyph/o-

bent; humpbacked

para-

beside; apart from; two parts to a pair; abnormal

inter-

between

intercostal mm.

between the ribs that work in pairs to spread the ribs apart during inspiration and pull the ribs together during forced expiration, coughing, or sneezing.

ultra-

beyond; higher

vesic/o-

bladder; fluid filled sac

cyst/o-

bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst

hem/o-

blood

hemat/o-

blood

hemoarthrosis

blood in the joint cavity form blunt trauma or a penetrating wound. occur spontaneously in hemophiliac patients. temporary immobilization of joint, aspiration of blood from joint cavity, and corticosteroid drug.

hematuria

blood in urine. can be gross or frank blood(easily seen with naked eye) or microscopic hematuria. can be caused by kidney stone, cystitis, bladder cancer, etc. can also be due to menstrual blood that contaminated urine specimen.

angi/o-

blood or lymphatic vessel

uric acid lab test

blood test that has an elevated level inpatients with gout and gouty arthritis

rheumatoid factor (RF) lab test

blood test that is usually positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. anti-CCP blood test measures the level of antibodies, and is always increased in patients with RA.

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

vascul/o-

blood vessel

angi/o-

blood vessel; ;lymphatic vessel

vas/o-

blood vessel; vas deferens

corpor/o-

body

physic/o-

body

somat/o-

body

skeletal system

body system that consists of all three bones, ligaments, and joints of the body

nervous system

body system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves. includes CNS and PNS and its divisions. its made up of neural tissue

urinary system

body system that includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. its function is to produce, transport, store, and excrete urine. also helps to regulate the internal environment of the body by secreting the enzyme renin and hormone erythropoietin. aka urinary tract, genitourinary system or tract, urogenital system or tract, and excretory system.

osse/o-

bone

oste/o-

bone

osteoclast

bone cell that breaks down areas of old or damaged bone

osteoblast

bone cell that deposits new bone

osteocyte

bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content(calcium, phosphorus) of bone

comminuted fracture

bone crushed into several small pieces

spiral fracture

bone is broken in a spiral because of a twisting force

transverse fracture

bone is broken in a transverse plane perpendicular to its long axis

oblique fracture

bone is broken on an oblique angle

greenstick fracture

bone is broken only on one side. this occurs in children because part of the bone is still flexible cartilage

myel/o-

bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin

BMD

bone mineral density

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead and top of the cranium and ends at the coronal structure. it contains the frontal sinuses.

occipital bone

bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium. it contains the large opening, the foramen magnum.

ethmoid bone

bone that forms the posterior nasal septum and the medial walls of the eye sockets. it contains many tiny hollow areas that are the ethmoid sinus.

temporal bones

bones that form the lower sides of the cranium. they contain the openings for the external ear canals. bony landmarks include the mastoid process behind the ear and the pointed styloid process, a point of attachment for ligaments of the hyoid bone

parietal bones

bones that form the upper sides and posterior of the cranium. they join at the saggital suture.

thorax

bony cage of the chest that contains the thoracic cavity with the heart, lungs, and other structures. aka rib cage.

spine

bony column of vertebrae. aka vertebral column, spinal column, or backbone. it it divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. spine also refers to bony projection, such as the spinous process on the vertebra.

skeleton

bony framework of the body that consists of all the bones

malleous

bony projection of the distal fibula(medial malleolus) or the distal fibula(lateral malleolus). often mistakenly called the ankle bones

vertebrae

bony structure in the spine. most vertebrae have a vertical body(flat, circular area), spinous process(bony projection along the mid back), two transverse processes(bony projections to the side), and a foramen(hole where spinal cord passes through).

skull

bony structure of the head that consists of the cranium and facial bones

encephal/o-

brain

mast/o-

breast; mastoid bone

mast/o-

breast; mastoid process

spir/o-

breathe; a coil

narcolepsy

brief involuntary episodes of falling asleep during daytime while engaged in activity. unable to keep from falling asleep

affer/o-

bring toward the center

duct/o-

bring; move; a duct

fracture

broken bone due to accident, injury or disease. categorized on how the bone breaks. fractures that are allowed to heal without treatment often show malunion or malalignment of the fracture fragments. need closed reduction and manipulation to align the fracture pieces, application of a cast or surgery reduction and internal fixation using wires, pins, screws, or plates.

nondisplaced fracture

broken bones ends remain in their normal anatomical alignment

displaced fracture

broken ends are pulled out of their normal anatomical alignment

concuss/o-

bruising

contus/o-

bruising

bunion/o-

bunion

caus/o-

burning

burs/o-

bursa

calcane/o-

calcaneous(heel bone)

Ca

calcium

cali/o-

calyx

calic/o-

calyx

rhabdomyosarcoma

cancerous tumor in a muscle. this malignancy usually occurs in children and young adults. need surgical removal, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

testicular cancer

cancerous tumor of one of the testes. almost all of these arise from abnormal spermatocytes, not from other parts of the testes. aka seminoma.

cancer of prostate gland

cancerous tumor of the prostate gland. this malignancy is the most common cancer in men. there are few early symptoms or signs because the cancer grows slowly. later, cancer makes prostate feel hard or nodular on digital rectal examination.

renal cell cancer

cancerous tumor(carcinoma) that arises from tubules in the nephron. wilm's tumor is cancer of the kidney that occurs in kids from residual embryonic or fetal tissue; aka nephroblastoma.

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

conduct/o-

carrying; conveying

cartilagin/o-

cartilage

chondr/o-

cartilage

myopathy

category that includes many different diseases of the muscles

catheterization

catheter inserted through urethra into bladder to drain the urine. straight catheter inserted each time bladder is full or to obtain a single specimen fro testing. Foley catheter is an indwelling tube that drain urine continuously, had an expanded balloon tip to hold position in bladder. suprapubic catheter inserted htorgh abdomen wall and into bladder. sometimes after bladder or prostate gland surgery. a condom catheter is shaped like a condom. fits snuggly over penis and collects urine as it leaves urethral meatus. foley, suprapubic, and condom catheters are all collected to urine bags

stress fracture

caused by force or torsion during an accident or sports activity

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of a long bone. it contains yellow bone marrow(fatty tissue).

-cyte

cell

-clast

cell that breaks down substances

-cyte

cella-

interstitial cells

cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. they secrete testosterone when stimulated by luteinizing hormone(LH)

olidodendroglia

cells that form the myelin sheath around larger axons in the brain and spinal cord. these cells have few branching structures

Schwann cells

cells that form the myelin sheath around larger axons of the cranial and spinal nerves

neuroglia

cells that hold neurons in place and perform specialized tasks. they include astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendroglia, and Schwann cells

ependymal cells

cells that line the walls of the ventricles, spinal cavity, and the central canal within the spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid

mircoglia

cells that move, engulf, and destroy pathogens anywhere in the CNS

-glia

cells that provide support

ependym/o-

cellular lining

lumen

central open area throughout the length of a tube or duct(such as the seminiferous tubule, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, or urethra)

cerebell/o-

cerebellum(posterior part of brain)

CP

cerebral palsy

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

cerebr/o-

cerebrum(largest part of the brain)

COTA

certified occupational therapy assistant

C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

ossificat/o-

changing into bone

buccinat/o-

cheek

other substances un urine

chemical compounds whose presence helps diagnose certain disease conditions. vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is seen in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, while 5-HIAA is seen in carcinoid syndrome

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger btwn a nerve cell and a muscle fiber

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger that travels across the synapse between neurons

pector/o-

chest

masset/o-

chewing

carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS)

chronic caused by repetitive motions. tingling form inflammation and swelling of tendons that go through carpal tunnel of wrist bones. compressed median nerve

ankylosing spondylitis

chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and restriction of movement of the spine. non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

osteoarthritis (OA)

chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, particularly the large weight bearing joints(knees, hips) and joints that move repeatedly(shoulder, neck, hands). usually begins in middle age, but can develop sooner in a joint that has been overused or injured. joint pain and stiffness. inflammation from constant wear and tear, worsened is patient is overweight. normally smooth cartilage becomes rough and can wear away. bone ends rub against each other, causing additional inflammation and crepitus, a grinding sound. now bone sometimes forms abnormally as a osteophyte, a sharp bone spur that causes pain. OA aka degenerative joint disease(DJD). analgesic, non steroidal anti inflammatory, intraarticular injection of a corticosteroid drug.

multiple sclerosis(MS)

chronic progressive degenerative autoimmune where body makes antibodies against myelin. demyelination becomes scar tissue called plaque

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)

chronic progressive disease of motor nerves coming from spinal cord. muscle wasting and spasms, eventual paralysis including swallowing and respiratory muscles. no damage to sensory nerves to sensation and thinking remain intact. aka Lou Gehrig's disease

CRPS

chronic regional pain syndrome

CRF

chronic renal failure

parkinson's disease

chronic, degenerative disease due to imbalance in levels of neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain. muscle rigidity and tremors. later, difficult to move except with much effort. mask-like facial expression, shuffling gait, or inability to ambulate

clavicul/o-

clavicle(collar bone)

cleid/o-

clavicle(collar bone)

cerebrospinal fluid

clear fluid that is produced by the ependymal cells that line the ventricles within the brain and the canal within the spinal cord. it circulates through the ventricles, into the spinal canal, back to the brain, and through the subarachnoid space of the meninges. it cushions and protects the brains and contains glucose and other nutrients.

hyal/o-

clear, glasslike substance

phim/o-

closed tight

coccyg/o-

coccyx(tail bone)

cochle/o-

cochlea(of the inner ear)

quadriceps femoris

collective name for muscles in the anterior and lateral upper leg that straighten the lower leg(extension). it includes rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis m.

hamstrings

collective name for muscles in the posterior upper leg that move the upper leg posteriorly (extension) and bend the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion). it includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus m.

24 hour creatinine clearance

collects urine for 24 hours to measure total amount of creatinine cleared by kidneys. result compared to level of creatinine in blood to determine kidney function.

col/o-

colon

express/o-

communicate

dia-

complete; completely through

CT, CAT

computed (axial) tomography

repetitive strain injury(RSI)

condition affecting the muscles, tendons, and sometimes the nerves. occurs as a result of trauma caused by repetitive movements over an extended period of time. includes tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. aka cumulative trauma disorder(CTD). need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug

muscle contusion

condition in which blunt trauma causes some bleeding int he muscle. aka bruise. need analgesic drug

-ency

condition of being

-osing

condition of making

-clonus

condition of rapid contracting and relaxing

-emia

condition of the blood; substance in the blood

-encephaly

condition of the brain

-collis

condition of the neck

avulsion

condition where muscle tears away from tendon or tendon tears away from the bone. need surgical repair:myorrhaphy or tenorrhapy

-esis

condition; abnorma condition; process

-osis

condition; abnorma condition; process

-esis

condition; abnormal condition; process

-osis

condition; abnormal condition; process

-ia

condition; state; thing

neural tube defect

congenital abnormality of the neural tube. fetus vertebra form incompletely(spine bifida) and there is an abnormal opening in vertebral column that s only covered by meninges and skin. a meningocele is a protrusion of the meninges through the skin. a meningomyelocele is a protrusion of the menginges and spinal cord through skin. with these can be hydrocephalus

epispadias

congenital condition in which female urethral meatus is in as abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral meatus is in an abnormal location on the upper surface of the shaft of the penis rather then at the top of the glans penis. hypospadias is when the male urethral meatus is on the underside of the shaft of the penis.

phimosis

congenital condition in which the opening of the foreskin is too small to allow the foreskin to pull back over the glans penis. this traps smegma(a white, cheesy discharge of skin cells and oil) and can cause infection

genu varum

congenital deformity in which knees are rotated laterally away from each other and lower legs are bent toward the midline. (aka bowleg)

genu valgum

congenital deformity in which knees are rotated toward the midline and are abnormally close together and lower legs are bent laterally. (aka knock-knee)

talipes equinovarus

congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled downward and toward the midline. (aka clubfoot). one or both feet can be affected. casts applied to progressively straighten foot or surgery if severe.

CDH

congenital dislocation of hip

pectus excavatum

congental deformity of the bony thorax in which the sternum, particularly xyphoid process, is bent inward, creating a hollow depression in anterior of chest. surgical correction if severe.

corpus callosum

connecting band of neurons between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum that allows them to communicate and coordinate their activities.

sarc/o-

connective tissue

CAPD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CCPD

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

stal/o-

contraction

tax/o-

coordination

tendon

cordlike, white band of nonelastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the bone

neohropexy

corrects kidney in abnormally low position by suturing into correct position.

cortic/o-

cortex

cortic/o-

cortex(outer region)

glossopharyngeal nerve

cranial nerve IX. sensory and motor nerve. sense of taste for the back of the tongue. movement of the muscles for swallowing and the parotid salivary glands

abducens nerve

cranial nerve VI. motor nerve. movement of eye

facial nerve

cranial nerve VII. sensory and motor nerve. sense of taste for the front of the tongue. movement of the facial muscles and salivary and lacrimal glands

depressed fracture

cranium is fractured inward toward the brain

carni/o-

cranium(skull)

crani/o-

cranium(skull)

CPK-MM

creatine phosphokinase-MM

meniscus

crescent shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints such as the knee

cc

cubic centimeter (measure of volume)

C&S

culture and sensitivity

CTD

cumulative trauma disorder

acetabulum

cup shaped deep socket in the hip bone that is formed by the ilium and the pubic bone. it is where the head of the femur fits to make the hip joint.

scoli/o-

curved; crooked

tom/o-

cut; slice; layer

CMG

cystometrogram

nephrotic syndrome

damage to pores of capillaries of the glomerulus. allows large amounts of albumin(protein) to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood. this changes osmotic pressure of the blood and allows fluid to go into the tissues, producing edema in the extremities; fluid also goes into the abdominal cavity, producing ascites (a grossly enlarged, fluid distended abdomen).

necr/o-

dead cells, tissue, or body

necr/o-

dead cells, tissues, or body

avascular necrosis

death of cells in the epiphysis of a long bone, often the femur. caused by injury, fracture, or dislocation that damages nearby blood vessels or a blood clot that interrupts blood flow to the bone. surgery to remove dead bone then a bone graft, also joint replacement surgery maybe

oliguria

decreased production of urine due to kidney failure. dehydration can cause temporary oliguria

fissure

deep division that runs in an anterior-to-posterior direction through the cerebrum and divided it into right and left hemispheres

coma

deep state of unconsciousness or unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in brain, metabolic imbalance with accumulation of waste products in blood, or too little glucose in blood. can be temporary or permanent.

DTRs

deep tendon reflexes

hallux valgus

deformity in which greatest toe is angled laterally toward the other toes. often a bunion develops at the base of the great toe with swelling and inflammation. common deformity in women who wear pointy-toed shoes. wide-toed shoes, or bunionectomy.

spondylolisthesis

degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly and slips out of proper alignment due to degeneration of the intervertebral disk. can also occur because of sports injury or a compression fracture of vertebra from osteoporosis. back brace or surgery to relieve pinched spinal nerve. analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. intra-articular injection of a corticosteroid drug.

leukocyte esterase

detects esterase, an enzyme associated with leukocytes(WBCs) and UTI. this dipstick test gives a quick result so an antibiotic drug can be started immediately. at the same time a urine sample is sent to C&S

prostate-specific antigen(PSA) (blood test)

determines a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland. PSA is increased in men with prostate cancer. the higher the level, the more advanced the cancer. the PSA level falls after successful treatment of cancer

hormone testing(blood test)

determines levels of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland and testosterone from the testes. used to diagnose infertility problems

troph/o-

development

glomerulonephritis

develops following an acute infection with streptococcal bacteria or viruses. the original infection, which is often a strep throat, causes the immune system to produce antibodies which combine with the bacteria or viruses to form antigen-antibody complexes that clog the pores of capillaries in the glomerulus. kidney becomes inflamed and urine production decreases.

diabet/o-

diabetes

dysuria

difficult or painful urination. can be due to many factors(kidney stone, cystitis, etc)

dyslexia

difficulty reading or writing words even though visual acuity and intelligence are normal. runs in families and more in left handed persons and males. cause is abnormality in occipital lobe that interprets moving images

digit/o-

digit(finger or toe)

DRE

digital rectal exam

-pathy

disease

path/o-

disease

arthropathy

disease of a joint form any cause

disk/o-

disk

intervertebral disk

disk btwn two vertebrae. it consists of an outer wall of fibrocartilage and an inner gelatinous substance, the nucleus pulpous, that acts as a cushion.

dislocation

displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position within a joint. usually caused by injury or trauma. congenital dislocation of the hip(CDH) is present at birth because the acetabulum is poorly formed or ligaments are loose. manipulate and return bone to correct position. CDH treated with splint or with surgery to correct the shape of acetabulum or looseness of ligaments.

cerebrovascular accident(CVA)

disruption or blockage of blood flow to brain, which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct. aka stroke or brain attack. a CVA on the right side of brain affects the right side and vice versa

-lyte

dissolved substances

DIP

distal interphalangeal(joint)

Colles' fracture

distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

sympathetic division

division of ANS. its neurotransmitter is norepinephrine. it directs the activity of the heart, involuntary muscles, and glands during times of increased activity. during danger or stress(fight or flight), it stimulates the adrenal gland to release the hormone epinephrine into the blood.

somatic nervous system

division of PNS that controls the movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

peripheral nervous system

division of nervous system that includes cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

parasympathetic division

division of the ANS. its neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. it directs the activity of the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands when the body is at rest.

central nervous system

division of the central nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

autonomic nervous system

division of the peripheral nervous system that carries nerve impulses to the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands. it includes the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division

cranium

domelike bone at the top of the head that contains the cranial cavity and the brain and other structures.

volunt/o-

done of one's own free will

kidneys, ureters, bladder(KUB) x-ray

done without contrast dye, used to find kidney stones or as a preliminary X-ray(scout film) before performing intravenous pyelography

chordee

downward curvature of the penis during erection. caused by constricting, cordlike band of tissue along the underside of the penis. a congenital abnormality that is often associated with hypospadias

DEXA/DXA

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

ejaculatory duct

duct that collects semen from the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles and empties into the urethra during ejaculation

dur/o-

dura mater

erection

during sexual arousal, erectile tissue in the penis fills with blood, causing the penis to become firm and erect

testes

egg-shaped gland in each side of the scrotum. aka testicle. contains interstitial cells that secrete testosterone and seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa.

carpal bones

eight small bones of the wrist joint

premature ejaculation

ejaculation of semen that often occurs with minimal stimulation and before the penis becomes fully erect to penetrate the vagina. this lessens the enjoyment of sexual intercourse and decreases the chances of conception. it can be caused by hormone imbalance but more often caused by stress or a psychologic reason.

electr/o-

electricity

EMG

electromyography

END

electroneurodiagnostic (technician)

ESRD

end stage renal disease

hydronephrosis

enlargement of kidney. due to pressure for urine that is backed up in the ureter bc of obstructing stone or structure. in caliectasis, the calicoes of the kidney are enlarged. in hydrometer, only the ureter is enlarged.

gynecomastia

enlargement of male breast. caused by imbalance of testosterone and estradiol because of puberty, aging, surgical removal of testes, or female hormone drug treatment for prostate cancer. need androgen drug or plastic surgery

epi

epithelial cell(in urine specimen) slang

ED

erectile dysfuntion

RBCs

even clear urine can contain occult(hidden) RBCs. if urine has visible blood then the urine is reported as TNTC(too numerous to count), menstrual blood can give false positive

scop/o-

examine with an instrument

hydrocephalus

excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced or flow of it is blocked. intracranial pressure increases, distends ventricles, and compresses brain tissues. most often associated with congenital conditions of meningocele or myeloeningocele, although can occur in adults when fluid not absorbed back into blood. untreated enlarges head and causes mental retardation.

polyuria

excessive production of urine due to diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

oligospermia

fewer than the normal number of spermatozoa are produced by the testes. most common cause of male infertility. caused by hormone imbalance or an undescended testis.

fibr/o-

fiber

ligament

fibrous bands that hold two bone ends together in a synovial joint

fibul/o-

fibula(lower leg bone)

perone/o-

fibula(lower leg bone)

filtr/o-

filter

filtrat/o-

filtering; straining

costal cartilage

firm, but flexible segments of connective tissue that join the ribs to the sternum. the area where the costal cartilage meets the rib is the costochondral joint

S1

first sacral vertebra

metacarpal bones

five bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger. they are distal to the carpal bones and proximal to the phalanges

metatarsal bones

five bones of the mid foot, one corresponding to each toe. distal to ankle bones and proximal to phalanges.

flexor hallucis brevis m.

flexes the big toe(hallux)

-rrhea

flow; discharge

semen

fluid expelled from the penis during ejaculation. semen contains spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, and mucus from the bulbourethral glands

FSH

follicle simulating hormone

ulna

forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm. the olecranon(point of the elbow) is a large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna.

radius

forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm

prepuce

foreskin of the penis that covers the urethral meatus in an uncircumcised penis.

amnes/o-

forgetfulness

vesicovaginal fistula

formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina. urine flows form the bladder into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body

quadri-

four

Fx

fracture

pathologic fracture

fracture caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis , bone cancer, or metastasis to the bone

front/o-

front

ventr/o-

front; abdomen

-ose

full of

ankyl/o-

fused together; stiff

ganglion/o-

ganglion

nephropathy

general word fro any disease of the kidney. diabetic nephropathy involves progressive damage to the glomeruli bc diabetes mellitus. tiny arteries of glomerulus harden(glomerulosclerosis) be accelerated arteriosclerosis throughout the body.

muscular dystrophy

genetic inherited disease due to a mutation of the gene that makes the muscle protein dystrophin. without dystrophin, the muscles weaken and then atrophy. it begins in early childhood with weakness in the lower extremities and the the upper extremities. most common and most severe form is duchenne's muscular dystrophy; becker's muscular dystrophy is a milder form. weakness of the diaphragm with the inability to breathe is the most frequent cause of death. need supportive care

genit/o-

genitalia

GU

genitourinary gonococcal urethritis

GU

gentiourinary

habilitat/o-

give ability

seminal vesicles

glands along the posterior wall of the bladder that secrete seminal fluid, a source of energy for the spermatozoa and the main fluid of the semen

balan/o-

glans penis

glomerul/o-

glomerulus

glycos/o-

glucose

glycosuria

glucose in the urine. this is an indication of an elevated blood sugar level, as seen in diabetes mellitus.

effer/o-

go out from the center

GC

gonococcus

inguin/o-

groin

sulcus

groove bwtn two gyro on the surface of the cerebrum

sacrum

group of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae

thenar m.

group of m in the hand that bend the thumb(flexion) and moves it toward the palm(adduction)

cauda equina

group of nerve roots the begin where the spinal cord ends and continue inferiorly within the spinal cavity. they look like that tail(cauda) of a horse(equina)

coccyx

group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum. aka tail bone

musculature

group of skeletal muscles in one body part or the muscles in the body as a whole

dorsal nerve roots

group of spinal nerve roots that enter the posterior (dorsal) part of the spinal cord and carry sensory nerve impulses form the body to the spinal cord

ventral nerve roots

group of spinal nerve roots that exit from the anterior (ventral) part of the spinal cord and carry motor nerve impulses to the body

puber/o-

growing up

-phyte

growth

polycystic kidney disease

hereditary disease with cysts in kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons, causing kidney failure. early stage of this progressive disease shows few symptoms or signs; often it is not detected until hypertension and already enlarged kidneys are found during a physical examination.

down syndrome

hereditary genetic defect in which there are three of chromosome 21. it affects every cell in the body, most obviously shown is mild-to-severe mental retardation, large protruding tongue, short fingers, and single transverse crease on palm of the hand

neurofibromatosis

hereditary with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow on peripheral nerves. aka von recklinghausen's disease

-cele

hernia

herni/o-

hernia

cystocele

hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or the rectum. this causes retention of urine that is in the bulge of the hernia. aka vesicocele.

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus

HSV

herpes simplex virus

crypt/o-

hidden

hpf

high-power field

hil/o-

hilum

contin/o-

hold together

punct/o-

hole; perforation

cranial cavity

hollow cavity inside the cranium that contains the brain

spinal cavity

hollow cavity within each vertebra. it contains the spinal cord. aka spinal canal

cav/o-

hollow space

HoLAP

holmium laser ablation of the prostate

luteinizing hormone (LH)

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. it causes the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. it causes the seminiferous tubules of the testes to enlarge during puberty and spermatocytes in the testes to begin dividing

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HPV

human papillovirus

humer/o-

humerus(upper arm)

HCTZ

hydrochlorothiazide (drug)

absence (petit mal)

impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity. muscle tone is retained and patient does not fall down, but is unable to respond to external stimuli. vacant staring, repetitive blinking, or facial tics. lasts 5-15 seconds then patient resumes activities unaware of seizure. can have many of these throughout the day

penile implant

implantation of inflatable penile prosthesis for patients with ED

vasectomy

in male to prevent pregnancy in females. small incision at base of scrotum, both vas deferens are divided,a length of each tube is removed, and the cut ends are sutured and crushed or destroyed by the testes, but are absorbed back into the body. a vasovasoectomy is a reversal vasectomy. the cut ends of vas deferens are rejoined so sperm are again present in ejaculate and can impregnate a woman

in-

in; without; not

erectile dysfunction(ED)

inability to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis. it can be caused by the hypertension, arteriosclerosis that blocks blood flow into the penis, neurologic disease (like spinal cord injury) that impairs sensory stimuli and nerve transmission, diabetes mellitus, a low level of testosterone, smoking, alcoholism, the side effects of certain drugs, or psychologic factors. aka impotence.

urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder bc of an obstruction(enlargement of prostate gland, kidney stone), nerve damage, or a side effect of certain drugs. even when bladder contracts, a large amount of postvoid residual urine remains in the bladder.

hesitancy

inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. theres dribbling, and urinary stream has decreased caliber. volume of urine passed is less, and residual urine may remain in the bladder. can be caused by blockage

receptive aphasia

inability to understand written or spoken word

expressive aphasia

inability to verbally express thoughts

contracture

inactivity or paralysis coupled with continuous nerve impulses can cause arm or leg muscle to become progressively flexed and drawn into a position where it becomes nearly immovable. need rang of motion(ROM) exercises and frequent repositioning

ataxia

incoordination of the muscles during movement, particularly incoordination of the gait. caused by disease of the brain or spinal cord, cerebral palsy, or an adverse reaction to a drug. the patient is ataxic. can use leg braces or crutches if needed.

hypertrophy

increase in the size of the muscle

nocturia

increased frequency and urgency or urination during the night. can be due to cystitis, enlarged prostate, or decreased capacity of bladder in older adults. expressed as the number of times the patient voids each night

autonom/o-

independent; self-governing

STD

infectious disease that is contracted during sexual intercourse with an infected individual. a positive test for an STD means that the patient and all sexual partners need to be treated. STDs can also be passed to a fetus(in uterus or as travels through birth canal), causing serious illness, blindness, and even death. aka venereal disease(VD)

neuritis

inflam or infect of nerve. poltyneuritis, many nerves

encephalitis

inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus. herpes simplex virus most common cause, but also herpes zoster virus, west nile, cytomegalovirus. there fever, headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, irritability and photophobia

epididymitis

inflammation and infection of the epididymus. it is caused by a bacterial UTI or STD such as gonorrhea or chlamydia

meningitis

inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterium or virus. fever, headache, nuchal rigidity(stiff neck with pain and inability to touch chin to chest), lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and sensitivity to light.

tenosynovitis

inflammation and pain due to overuse of a tendon and inability of the synovium to produce enough lubricating fluid. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

tennis elbow

inflammation and pain of the extensor and supinator muscles where their tendons originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus(by the elbow joint). overuse injury caused by repeated extension and supination of the wrist. aka lateral epicondylitis. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

pitcher's elbow

inflammation and pain of the flexor and pronator muscles of the forearm where their tendons originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus(by the elbow joint). this is an overuse injury caused by repeated flexing of the wrist while the fingers tightly grasp. aka golfer's elbow or medial epicondylitis. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

myositis

inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness. can be caused by injury or strain. polymyositis is a chronic, progressive disease that causes widespread inflammation of muscles with weakness and fatigue. cause unknown although may be an autoimmune disorder. dermatomyositis causes a skin rash as well as muscle weakness and inflammation. need: analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, corticosteroid drug

tendinitis

inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

bursitis

inflammation of the burial sac because of repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath bursa. can occur with any joint that has a bursa, but most often occurs in shoulders and knees. prolonged periods of kneeling cause bursitis known as housemaids knee. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia around a muscle. plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the foot that is caused by excessive running or exercise. there is aching or stabbing pain around the heel.most common cause of heel pain. need: analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, injection into the fascia of a corticosteroid drug

-itis

inflammation of; infection of

balanitis

inflammation or infection of glans penis caused by bacterium, virus, yeast, or fungus. often associated with phimosis and inadequate hygiene of the prepuce

orchitis

inflammation or infection of testes. caused by bacteria. the mumps, virus, or trauma.

urethritis

inflammation or infection of urethra. gonococcal urethritis is a symptom of the STD gonorrhea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nongonococcal urethritis is STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. nonspecific urethritis is an inflammation or infection of the urethra from bacteria, chemicals, or trauma; not an STD

hyperextension-hyperflexion injury

injury that occurs during a car accident as a person's head snaps forward and then backward in response to the car's changing speed. this causes a muscle strain or muscle tear, as well as damage to the nerves. aka acceleration-decceleration injury or whiplash. need soft cervical collar to support the neck, rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

endo-

innermost; within

inject/o-

insert; put in

ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

inserts a plastic tube to connect the ventricles of the brain to the peritoneal cavity. the shunt continuously removes the excess CSF associated with hydrocephalus.

intern/o-

inside

-tome

instrument used to cut; area with distinct edges

-scope

instrument used to examine

-meter

instrument used to measure

I&O

intake and output

malign/o-

intentionally causing harm; cancer

ICP

intracanial pressure

IM

intramuscular

perine/o-

perineum

reflex

involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord. in response to sudden pain or muscle stretch, the spinal cord immediately sends a command to move. all of this takes place without conscious thought to processing by the brain. the entire circuit that the nerve impulse travels is also known as the reflex arc.

enuresis

involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control. nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination during sleep. laypersons call this childhood bedwetting.

smooth muscle

involuntary, non striated muscles. the form a continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures(blood vessels, bronchi, intestines, etc)

brain death

irreversible loss of all brain function as confirmed by an EEG that is flat, showing no brain activity of any kind for 30 minutes

ischi/o-

ischium(hip bone)

arthr/o-

joint

articul/o-

joint

suture

joint where one cranial bone meets another. Examples: coronal suture, sagittal suture.

isch/o-

keep back; block

ketonuria

ketone bodies in urine. ketones are waste products produced when fat is metabolized. seen in diabetes mellitus who metabolize fat for energy bc can't metabolize glucose. also in malnourished patients who don't have enough glucose in the blood.

ren/o-

kidney

nephrolithiasis

kidney stone or calculus formation in the urinary system. kidney stones can vary in size from microscopic(like sand or gravel size) to large enough to block the ureter or fill renal pelvis. kidney stones composed of magnesium, calcium, or uric acid crystals. calculogenesis or lithogenesis is the process of forming stones. renal colic is a spasm of smooth muscle of the ureter or bladder as kidney stones jagged edges scrape the mucosa. causing severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, and hematuria. many stones reach bladder and are eliminated from the body with urine. stones that dot pass spontaneously can be destroyed by lithotripsy.

nephr/o-

kidney; nephron

KUB

kidneys, ureters, bladder

asthen/o-

lack of strength

defici/o-

lacking; inadequate

lamin/o-

lamina(flat area on a vertebra)

lobe

large area of the cerebrum. each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that is above it: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

prostate gland

large donut shaped gland at the base of the bladder. it surrounds the first part of the urethra and produces prostatic fluid that becomes part of semen.

sphenoid bone

large, irregular bone that forms the central base of the cranium and the posterior walls of the eye sockets. it contains the sphenoid sinuses. a bony cup in the sphenoid bone holds the pituitary gland.

tibia

large, weight bearing bone of the lower leg located on the greatest toe side. aka skin bone

calcaneus

largest of the ankle bones. aka heel bone

brain

largest organ of the nervous system. it is part of CNS and is located in the cranial cavity.

cancell/o-

lattice structure

lev/o-

left

LLE

left lower extremity

LUE

left upper ext

-cnemius

leg

LH

leutinizing hormone

bi/o-

life; living organisms; living tissue

ligament/o-

ligament

phot/o-

light

appendicul/o-

limb; small attached part

dysphasia

limited impairment with some difficulty speaking or understanding words

temporal lobe

lobe of cerebrum that analyses sensory information. it contains the auditory cortex for the sense of hearing and the olfactory carted for the sense of smell

frontal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum that predicts future events and consequences. exerts conscious control over the skeletal muscles. contains the gustatory cortex for the sense of taste.

parietal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyses sensory information about temperature, touch, vibration, and pain form the skin, joints, and muscles

occipital lobe

lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyses sensory information from the eyes. contains the visual cortex for the sense of light.

hematoma

localized collection of blood that forms in brain because of trauma to the cranium or the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or an AVM. an intraventricular hematoma occur in one of ventricles. subdural hematoma forms under the dura mater

gluteus maximus

location: buttocks size: large

brachioradialis

location: radial bone in the arm

aphasia

loss of ability to communicate verbally or in writing. can be from head trauma, stroke or alzheimers when there is injury to brain areas with language and interpretation of sounds and symbols.

LOC

loss of consciousness

atrophy

loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles. caused by lack of use or malnutrition, or if part of the body is paralyzed because muscles receive no electrical impulses from the nerves. muscle is atrophic. aka muscle wasting.

lumb/o-

lower back; area btwn ribs and pelvis

LP

lumbar puncture

L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

supinat/o-

lying on the back

lymph/o-

lymph; lymphatic system

continuously cycling peritoneal dialysis(CCPD)

machine inserts and removes dialysate fluid several times a night while patient sleeps

magnet/o-

magnet

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

micturi/o-

making urine

genital organs

male internal and external genitalia

astrocytoma

malignant brain tumor, originating in astrocyte in cerebrum

glioblastoma multiforme

malignant from immature astrocyte in cerebrum

lymphoma

malignant from microglia in cerebrum

oligodendroglioma

malignant from oligodendroglia in cerebrum

mandibul/o-

mandible(lower jaw)

poly-

many; much

maxill/o-

maxilla(upper jaw)

specific gravity (SG)

measurement of concentration of urine as compared to that of water. dilute urine has SG of 1.005 while concentrated urine is 1.030. above 1.030 means patient is dehydrated. instruments include urinometer or refractometer

creatinine

measures the amount of creatinine. used to monitor kidney function and progression of kidney disease. creatinine with the BUN gives a comprehensive picture of kidney function.

blood urea nitrogen(BUN)

measures the amount of urea. uses to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease or to watch for signs of nephrotoxicity in patients taking amino glycoside antibiotic drugs

medull/o-

medulla(inner region)

mening/o-

meninges

meningi/o-

meninges

gout

metabolic disorder most often in men. high level of uric acid in the blood. acute attack often causes sudden, severe pain after uric acid moves form blood into soft tissues and forms crystals known as tophi. tophi in the joints causes gouty arthritis. avoid foods that increase uric acid level. drug to decrease level.

MCP

metacarpophalangeal joint

semen analysis

microscopic analysis of spermatozoa. done as part of a workup for infertility. after not ejaculating for 36 hours, man gives a semen specimen. a normal sperm count is greater than 50 million/mL. the motility(forward movement) and morphology of the sperm are evaluated. also done after a vasectomy to verify aspermia and successful sterilization

pons

middle part of the brainstem that relays nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum. the motor proteins of cranial nerves V through VII begin here. the sensory portions of cranial nerves V through VII end here.

mL

mililiter (measure of volume)

psych/o-

mind

ment/o-

mind; chin

mineral/o-

mineral; electrolyte

testosterone

most abundant and most biologically active of the male sex hormones secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes. is causes the male sexual characteristics to develop and spermatozoa to mature

ischium

most inferior hip bone. each ischium is one of the "seat bones"

brain stem

most inferior part of the brain that joins with the spinal cord. it is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

medulla oblongata

most inferior part of the brainstem that joins to the spinal cord. it relays nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. it contains the respiratory centers. the motor portions of the cranial nerves IX through XII begin here. the sensory portions of cranial nerves IX and X end here.

ilium

most superior hip bone. it has a broad, flaring iliac crest. posteriorly each ilium joins the sacrum. the ilium contains the acetabulum, the deep socket of the hip joint.

midbrain

most superior part of the brainstem. it keeps the mind conscious, coordinates immediate response, and maintains muscle tone and body position. it contains the substantia nigra. cranial nerves III and IV begin here.

transplant/o-

move something to another place

kines/o-

movement

mobil/o-

movement

mot/o-

movement

motil/o-

movement

rotation

moving a body part around its axis. a rotator is a muscle that produces rotation when it contracts.

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body. an abductor is a muscle that produces abduction when it contracts.

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body. an adductor is a muscle that produces adduction when it contracts.

mucos/o-

mucous membrane

Babinski's sign

neurologic test in which the end of the metal handle of a percussion hammer is used to firmly stroke the lateral sole of the foot form the heel to the toes. a normal test(negative Babinski) produces a downward curling of the toes. an abnormal test(positive Babinski) produces extension of the great toe and fanning out of the other toes. a positive test indicates injury to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum or to the spinal nerves.

endorphins

neuromodulators that are one of several natural pain relievers produced by the brain

serotonin

neurotransmitter in synapses between neurons in the limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord

dopamine

neurotransmitter in synapses btwn neurons in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system in the brain. produced by the substantia nigra of the midbrain

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter in synapses btwn neurons of the parasympathetic division. it is also in synapses btwn motor neurons and voluntary skeletal muscles in somatic nervous system

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division

epinephrine

neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal gland and released into the blood. it stimulates the body to prepare for "fight or flight"

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that initiates a muscle contraction

newborn genital exam

newborns external male genitalia examined for sign of abnormal positioning or urethral meatus(epispadias, hypospadias), ambiguous genitalia, or undescended testes

noct/o-

night

simple partial (focal motor)

no impairment of consciousness. patient is aware of seizure but unable to stop involuntary motor activity, such as jerking of hand or turning of head. can be sensory hallucinations. lasts 1-2 minutes

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

color

normal urine is light yellow to amber in color, depending on its concentration. pink or smokey colored urine indicates RBCs from bleeding in UT. Turbid(cloudy or milky) urine indicates WBCs and UTI. urinary analgesic drug phenazopyridine turns urine bright orange

nas/o-

nose

non-

not

rigor mortis

not a muscle disease of the living, but rather a normal condition of the muscles that occurs several hours after death. as each muscle fiber dies, its stored calcium is released and this causes the muscle fiber and then each muscle of the body to contract. muscle fiber is no longer able to pump calcium ions back to the storage site, and so muscles remain contracted for about 72 hours until the muscle fibers begin to decompose. aka postmortem rigidity

ketones

not normally found in urine, when body can't use or doesn't have enough glucose and metabolized fat instead

glucose

not normally found in urine. presence indicated uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

bone scintigraphy

nuclear medicine procedure in which a phosphate compound is tagged with a radioactive tracer technetium-99m. this is injected intravenously and is taken up into the bone. a gamma scintillation camera detects gamma rays from the tracer. areas of increased uptake("hot spots") indicate arthritis, fracture, osteomyelitis, cancerous tumors of the bone, or areas of bony metastasis. called a scintigram.

Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)

numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma. total score ranges from 1-15 and is the sum of individual scores fro eye opening, motor response, and verbal response following a painful stimulus(such as pressure on the nailed or on the bony ridge over the eye). for example, if a patient opens his eyes to a verbal command, has confused answers, and withdraws from the painful stimulus, his GCS would be Eyes(3)+Verbal(4)+Motor(4)=11

occipit/o-

occiput(back of head)

occipit/o-

occiput(back of the head)

OSHA

occupational safety and health administration

OT

occupational therapy or occupational therapist

hemi-

one half

hemisphere

one half of the cerebrum. the right side recognizes patterns and 3D structures(including faces) and the emotions of words. the left side deals with mathematical and logical reasoning, analysis, and interpreting sights, sounds, and sensations. the left side is active in reading, writing, and speaking

micr/o-

one millionth; small

muscle fiber

one muscle cell. so named because it stretches over a long distance.

gyrus

one of many elevated folds on the surface of the cerebrum. in btwn each gyrus is a sulcus(narrow groove)

ventricle

one of the four hollow chambers in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid. the two lateral ventricles are in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum. the small third ventricle is between the two lobes of the thalamus. the long narrow fourth ventricle connects to the spinal cavity

phalanx

one of the individual bones of the finger or toe. a finger or a toe is a digit or a ray.

epiphysis

one of the two widened ends of a long bone. it contains the epiphyseal plate where bone growth takes place.

skeletal muscle

one of three types of muscles in the body, but the only one that is under voluntary control. these muscles contract and relax in response to conscious thought. they are striated, have multiple nuclei, and show bands of color when seen under a microscope.

ORIF

open reduction and internal fixation

surg/o-

operative procedure

penis

organ of erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal. the glans penis is the rounded area on top of the shaft of the penis. the corpora cavernosa are two columns of tissue along the upper surface of the penis. the corpus spongiosum is a column of tissue in the underside of the penis. the urethra travels through the corpus spongiosum

rectus abdominis

orientation: straight up and down(rectus) location: abdomen

prosthesis

orthopedic device such as an artificial leg for a patient with an amputation of a limb. known as a prosthetic device. an implanted artificial joint is also a prosthetic device.

orthosis

orthopedic device such as brace, splint, or collar thats used to immobilize a body part and keep straight or correct orthopedic problem. often custom fitted

ortho

orthopedics(slang)

OA

osteoarthritis

bone tumor

osteoma is a benign tumor of the bone. osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor in which osteoblasts multiply uncontrollably(aka osteogenic sarcoma). Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that occurs mainly in young men. surgical removal of tumor. amputation of limb followed by radiation or chemo for malignant.

all/o-

other;strange

OOB

out of bed

peripher/o-

outer aspects

PET

positron emission tomography

muscle strain

over stretching of a muscle, often due to physical overexertion. causes inflammation, pain, swelling, and bruising as capillaries in the muscle tear. aka pulled muscle. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

sprain

overstretching or tearing of a ligament around a joint. rest or surgery

alg/o-

pain

neuralgia

pain along path of nerve and its branches cause by injury. trigeminal neuralgia(tic douloureux) brief but severe pain on one or both sides or face or jaw. causalgia is severe burning pain along nerve and branches. complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS) causalgia with hyperesthesia

shin splits

pain and inflammation of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the anterior lower leg over the tibia(shin bone). it is an overuse injury common to athletes who run. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

myalgia

pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease. polymyalgia is pain in several muscle groups. need analgesic drug, massage

cephalalgia

pain in the head. aka headache. can be caused by eyestrain, muscle tension in face or neck, generalized infections such as flu, migraine headaches, sinus infections, hypertension, or more seriously head trauma, meningitis, or brain tumors

arthralgia

pain in the joint from injury, inflammation, or infection

fibromyalgia

pain located at specific, hyper irritable trigger points in the muscle of the neck, back, or hips. the trigger points are tender to the touch and feel firm. cause not known, but may be related to an overreaction to painful stimuli with a possible history of prior injury or a genetic predisposition. associated with disturbed sleep patterns ad sometimes depression. need analgesic drug, muscle relaxant drug, massage, and trigger point injections with a local anesthetic drug

muscle spasm

painful but temporary condition with a sudden, severe, involuntary contraction of a muscle, often in the legs. it can be brought on by overexercise. aka muscle cramp. torticollis is a painful spasm of muscles on one side of the neck. aka wryneck. need massage, muscle relaxant drug, analgesic drug

dys-

painful; difficult; abnormal

palat/o-

palate

digital rectal exam (DRE)

palpation of prostate gland. a gloved finger inserted into the rectum is used to feel the prostate gland for signs of tenderness, nodules, hardness, or enlargement. should be done yearly in mean over 40

testicular self exam (TSE)

palpation of testes and scrotum to detect lumps, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes. TSE should be done monthly to detect early signs of testicular cancer.

pleg/o-

paralysis

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of body

spinal cord

part of CNS. begins at medulla oblongata of the brain and extends down the back within the spinal cavity. it ends at lumber vertebra L2 and separates into nerve roots(cauda equina)

axon

part of the neuron that is a single elongated branch at the opposite end from the dendrites. it conducts the electrical impulse and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. larger axons are covered by an insulating layer of myelin

spinal cord injury(SCI)

partial or complete transaction of cord. interrupts nerve impulses causing partial or complete anesthesia and paralysis. injury to lower spinal cord causes paraplegia. to upper spinal cord causes quadriplegia. without impulse muscles atrophy known as flaccid paralysis. spastic paralysis, reflex arc intact spinal cord below injury can send nerve impulses causing muscles to spasm.

amnesia

partial or total loss of memory of recent or remote experiences. often from brain injury or stroke that damages hippocampus where short term memories are converted to long term memories

inguinal canal

passageway in the groin area through which the testes travel as they descend from the pelvic cavity to the scrotum. the open inguinal canal should close around the spermatic cord sometime before age 2

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD)

pateint is able to walk around between the 3-4 daily episodes of dialysis

patell/o-

patella(kneecap)

chlamydia

pathogen: chlamydia trachomatis, a gram negative coccus bacterium symptoms: men:painful urination with burning and itching, thin watery discharge fro urethra, some none women:frequently no symptoms or slight vaginal discharge diagnosis: smear of discharge form urethra(men) or cervix(women) is stained and examined under microscope treament:oral antibiotic also, most common STD; aka nongonococcal urethritis

genital herpes

pathogen: herpes simplex virus(HSV), type 2 symptoms:men: vesicular lesions(blisters) on penis, scrotum, perineum, or anus. when blisters break they become skin ulcers. may be flu like symptoms or none women: same but on vulva, perineum, anus, vagina diagnosis: culture growth from swab of a lesion, polymerase chain reaction test treatment:topical and oral antiviral drugs shorten the duration of each outbreak

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

pathogen: human immunodeficiency(HIV), a retrovirus symptoms: M/F fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue disgnosis: blood test or saliva screening test treatment: oral antiretroviral drugs taken in combo also treatment can only slow progress of disease, there is no cure

genital warts(condylomata acuminata)

pathogen: human papillomavirus(HPV) certain strains cause genital warts, others cause dysplasia of cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer in women. symptoms:men: itching, flesh-colored, irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower like women:same with vaginal discharge diagnosis: visual exam of skin in genital area. in woman a pap smear of cervix is examined under microscope treatment: topical chemicals or cryosurgery, or laser removal aka venereal warts

gonorrhea

pathogen: neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram negative diplococcus(double sphere) bacterium. aka gonococcus(GC) symptoms:men: painful urination, thick yellow discharge from urethra, some no symptoms women: painful urination, thick yellow vaginal discharge, half of infected no symptoms diagnosis: gram stain of smear of discharge shows characteristic gram negative intercellular diplococci treatment: oral antibiotic also, laypersons call this the clap because of a similar sounding french word that means house of prostitution

syphilis

pathogen: treponema pallidum,a spirochete bacterium symptoms: men:single, painless chancre(lesion that ulcerates, crusts, then heals) on penis. later is fever, rash, etc that mimics other diseases women:same with chancre on female genitalia diagnosis: fluid form lesion viewed with special illumination under dark-field microscopy shows spiral bacterium treament:oral antibiotic also, aka lues

trichomoniasis

pathogen: trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan with a flagellum symptoms: Men: almost none women: greenish-yellow frothy or bubbly vaginal discharge with a foul odor. itching of vulva and vagina diagnosis: wet mount prep of discharge and culture treatment: oral antiprotozoal drug

visual evoked potential(VEP) or visual evoked response(VER)

patient watches TV monitor that displays rapidly alternating checkerboard patterns. this evaluates nerve pathways from eye to cerebrum.

pelv/o-

pelvis(hip bone; renal pelvis)

pen/o-

penis

puberty

period of time when FSH and LH form the anterior pituitary gland first began to stimulate the testes. testosterone causes the male sexual characteristics to develop, and there is a growth spurt. aka adolescence

peritone/o-

peritoneum

peritoneal dialysis

permanent catheter inserted through abdomen wall. dialysate fluid flows into abdominal cavity and remains for several hours where pulls waste from blood, then fluid removed along with waste.

priap/o-

persistant erection

-ee

person who is the subject of action

-er

person who produces or does; thing that produces

-or

person who produces or does; thing that produces

-al

pertaining to

-alis

pertaining to

-ant

pertaining to

-ar

pertaining to

-aris

pertaining to

-ary

pertaining to

-ative

pertaining to

-eal

pertaining to

-ed

pertaining to

-ent

pertaining to

-ic

pertaining to

-ile

pertaining to

-ine

pertaining to

-ive

pertaining to

-ous

pertaining to

-tic

pertaining to

-ual

pertaining to

-ated

pertaining to a condition; composed of

phalang/o-

phalanx(finger or toe)

pharyng/o-

pharynx(throat)

P

phosphorus

PVP

photoselective vaporization of prostate

PM&R

physical medicine and rehabilitation

PT

physical therapy or physical therapist

rehabilitation exercises

physical therapy that includes exercises to increase muscle strength and improve coordination and balance. it is prescribed as part of a rehabilitation plan. in active exercise, the patient exercises without assistance. passive exercise, a physical therapist or nurse performs range of motion(ROM) exercises for a patient who is an able to move. this does not build muscles strength, but it does decrease stiffness and spasticity and prevent contractures.

skull xray

plain film taken of skull, with no dye. can show fractures of the bones of the skull but cannot clearly show the soft tissues of the brain or blood vessels.

foc/o-

point of activity

scint/i-

point of light

acid phosphatase (semen test)

presence in vagina and indicates sex has occurred because semen contains acid phosphatase. used in rape investigations

albuminuria

presence of albumin in the urine. aka proteinuria. normally there is no protein in the urine bc albumin molecules are too large to pass through pores in capillaries in glomerulus; but with kidney disease albumin passes through damaged pores and is excreted in the urine. its an important first sign of kidney disease. also present in pregnant women who are developing preeclampsia.

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine. morally urine is sterile. bacteria indicate that infection somewhere in urinary tract. must be collected properly though.

congenit/o-

present at birth

depress/o-

press down

compress/o-

press together

ton/o-

pressure; tone

cast

procedure in which a cast of plaster or fiberglass is applied around a fractured bone and adjacent areas to immobilize fracture to facilitate healing. for fracture in leg, doctor may order non weight bearing, toe touch, or full weight bearing with a walking cast. used with crutches.

tempor/o-

temple(side of the head)

evoked potential testing

procedure in which as EEG is used to record changes in the brain waves that occur following various stimuli. used to evaluate potential ability of a particular nervous pathway to conduct nerve impulses. a stimulus is presented to evoke(stimulate) a response, and this procedure is also called evoked response testing. these tests are particularly helpful with young or unable to respond to standard vision and hearing tests. used to detect subtle abnormalities in patients with MS, head trauma, or spinal cord injury. patient cannot voluntarily alter results of these tests.

edrophonium test

procedure in which the drug edrophonium is given to confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. the drug blocks the enzyme that breaks down acteylcholine, and patient with myasthenia gravis show temporary increased muscle strength during the test

-rrhaphy

procedure of suturing

cystometry

procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder. a catheter is used to inflate the bladder with liquid or gas. a cystometer attached to catheter measures the amount of liquid and the pressure in the bladder. at the time, the cystometer makes a graphic recording known as a cystometrogram(CMG)

bone density tests (bone densitometry)

procedure that measures the bone mineral density(BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred. heel or wrist bone can be tested but hip and spine give more accurate results. to types of tests.(standard X-ray not used because can only see loss after 30% bone density loss)

cartilage transplantation

procedure that replaces damaged cartilage as an alternative to total knee replacement. used to treat middle aged adults(as opposed to older adults) with degenerative joint disease of the knee who are active

ProstaScint scan

procedure that uses ProstaScint to detect areas of metastasis from a primary site of prostate cancer. its a combo of radioactive tracer(indium-111) and a monoclonal antibody that binds to receptors on cancer cells in the prostate gland and elsewhere in the body. the radioactive tracer emits gamma rays that are detected by a gamma scintillation camera and made into an image

xray

procedure that uses X-rays to diagnose bony abnormalities in any part of the body. primary means for diagnosing fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors.

arthrography

procedure that uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is injected into a joint. coats and outlines bone ends and joint capsule. X-ray or CT taken. MRI orthography uses strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of a patients body that emit signals to form thin, successive images or slices of the joint. MRI can be done with or without contrast dye. the X-ray, CT or MRI is an arthrogram

traction

procedure that uses a weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment. skin tract uses elastic wraps, straps, halters, or skin adhesives connected to a pulley and a weight. skeletal traction uses pins, wires, or tongs inserted into the bone during surgery. halo traction uses pins inserted into the cranium and attached to a circular metal frame that forms a halo around the patient's head. bars connect the halo to a rigid vest that immobilizes the chest and back while exerting upward traction on the head to straighten a fracture of the spine.

arthroscopy

procedure that uses an arthroscope inserted into the joint to visualize structures inside the joint. other instruments can be inserted through the arthroscope to scrape or cut damaged cartilage or smooth sharp bone edges.

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit

procedure that uses and electrical device to control chronic pain. a battery produces regular, preset electrical impulses that travel through wires to electrodes on skin. these impulses block the transmission of pain sensations to the brain. these impulses also stimulate body to produce its own natural pain-relieving endorphins.

physical therapy

procedure that uses exercises to improve a patient's range of motion, joint mobility, strength, and balance. active exercises are done by the patient. passive exercises are done by the physical therapist who moves the patients body.

bone graft

procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures with extensive bone loss or defects due to cancer. bone taken from a patients own body is an autograft. frozen or freeze-dried bone taken from a cadaver is allograft.

fasciotomy

procedure to cut the fascia and release pressure from built up blood and tissue fluid in a patient with compartment syndrome

electromyography(EMG)

procedure to diagnose muscle disease or nerve damage. a needle electrode inserted into a muscle records electrical activity as the muscle contracts and relaxes. the electrical activity is displayed as waveforms on a screen and recorded on paper as electromyogram

muscle biopsy

procedure to diagnose muscle weakness that could be caused by many different muscular diseases. an incision is made in the muscle and a piece of tissue is removed and sent to pathology department for examination under a microscope. this is an incisional biopsy or open biopsy. alternatively, a needle is inserted and some muscle tissue is aspirated through the needle, this is a closed biopsy

polysomnography

procedure to diagnose the underlying conditions that can cause insomnia, sleep disruption, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy. electrodes on the face and head and various other monitors are used to record the patient's EEG, eye movements, muscle activity, heartbeat, and respirations during sleep. aka sleep study.

arthrodesis

procedure to fuse the bones in a degenerated, unstable joint

-desis

procedure to fuse together

nerve conduction study

procedure to measure the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve. electrical impulse through an electrode applied to the skin is used to stimulate a peripheral nerve. another electrode a measured distance away records how long it takes for the electrical impulse to reach it. test usually performed in conjunction with electromyography to help differentiate between weakness due to nerve disorders versus weakness due to muscle disorders.

axial skeleton

the bones of the head, chest, and back

lumbar puncture (LP)

procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. aka spinal tap. patient positioned with upper legs flexed towards chest. this curves the spine and widens the space between the spinous processes of two vertebrae, allowing accurate positioning of the spinal needle. a needle is inserted into the space between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space. CSF flows through the needle and is collected and sent to the laboratory. before spinal needle is removed, a calibrated manometer(a thin tube) can be attached to measure the intracranial pressure as CSF rises in the manometer.

fasciectomy

procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia that is causing Dupuytren's contracture

-centesis

procedure to puncture

ganglionectomy

procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon

stereotactic neurosurgery

procedure to remove a tumor deep within the cerebrum. a CT or MRI scan is used to show the tumor in 3D and give its precise coordinates. the patients head is fixed in a stereotactic apparatus that guides the position of a probe as it is inserted into the brain. then heat, cold, or high-energy gamma rays are used to destroy the tumor.

amputation

procedure to remove all or part of an extremity due to trauma, cardiovascular diease, or diabetes mellitus. a below the knee amputation(BKA) is at the level of the tibia and fibula. an above the knee amputation(AKA) is at the level of the femur. a muscle flap is wrapped over the end of the amputated limb to provide a cushion and bulk to the patient can be fitted with an artificial limb(prosthesis). a patient who has an amputation is called an amputee.

arthrocentesis

procedure to remove an accumulation of fluid from an injured joint by using a needle inserted into the joint spec. also done to inject a drug to control inflammation and pain.

bunionectomy

procedure to remove the prominent part of the metatarsal bone that is causing a bunion

thymectomy

procedure to remove the thymus gland. it is used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis because, after a thymectomy, the patient produces fewer antibodies against the remaining acteylcholine receptors

myorrhaphy

procedure to suture together a torn muscle after an injury

tenorrhaphy

procedure to suture together a torn tendon after an injury

trigger point injections

procedure to treat fibromyalgia. a combo of a local anesthetic and a corticosteroid drug are injected into each trigger point to relieve pain and decrease inflammation

muscle strength test

procedure used to test the motor strength of certain muscles groups. for muscles in the legs and feet, the physician presses against the lower leg or foot and asks the patient to extend the leg or flex the foot upward. for shoulder muscles, the physician presses down and the patient tries to shrug the shoulders. for muscles in the hand, the patient grasps two of the physician's fingers and squeezes them as tightly as possible. muscles strength is measured on a scale of 0-5, with 5 being normal strength and 0 being inability to move the muscles being tested

closed reduction

procedure where manual manipulation of a displaced fracture is performed to replace without need for surgery. cast applied

meiosis

process by which a spermatocyte reduces the number of chromosomes in its nucleus to 23, or half the normal number, to create gametes

ossification

process by which cartilage is changed into bone from childhood through adolescence.

mitosis

process by which most body cells reproduce. the 46 chromosomes in the nucleus duplicate, and then split, creating two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes

-tripsy

process of crushing

-tomy

process of cutting or making an incision

-trophy

process of development

-ization

process of making, creating, or inserting

-metry

process of measuring

spermatogenesis

process of producing a mature spermatozoon through the processes of mitosis and meiosis

-graphy

process of recording

-plasty

process of reshaping by surgery

-pexy

process of surgically fixing in place

-scopy

process of using an instrument to examine

-opsy

process of viewing

-ism

process; disease from a specific cause

gener/o-

production; creation

clavicle

rodlike bone along each shoulder. it joins with the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. aka collar bone.

dupuytren's contracture

progressive disease in which collagen fibers in the fascia in the palm of the hand become thickened and shortened. this causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger. need: injection of a drug to dissolve the collagen fibers, surgery to remove the fascia(fasciectomy)

Huntington's chorea

progressive inherited degenerative disease that begins in middle age. dementia with spasms of extremities and face(chorea), alternating with slow writhing movements of hands and feet(athetosis)

PIP

promixal interphalangeal joint

prostat/o-

prostate gland

PSA

prostate specific antigen

PAP

prostatic acid phosphatase

muscular system

provides movement for the body in conjunction with support from the bones(aka musculoskeletal system)

pub/o-

pubis (hip bone)

pub/o-

pubis(hip bone)

contract/o-

pull together

tract/o-

pulling

culture and sensitivity(C&S)

puts urine onto culture medium in petri dish to identify the cause of UTI. specific disease causing microorganism is identified and tested to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotics.

-ty

quality or state

QCT

quantitative computerized tomography

rotat/o-

rotate

cerebral angiography

radiopaque contrast dye injected into carotid arteries and X-ray taken to see arterial circulation in the brain. done to show aneurysm, stenosis, plaque in the arteries, or a tumor. tumor seen as interwoven collection of new blood vessels or seen indirectly when it forces arteries into abnormal positions. aka arteriography. X-ray image is angiogram or arteriogram

myelography

radiopaque contrast dye injected into subarachnoid space at level of L3 and L4 vertebrae. contrast dye outlines spinal cavity and shows spinal nerves, nerve roots, and intervertebral disks, as well as tumors, herniated disks, or obstructions within the cavity. X-ray image called myelogram. because a myelogram can cause the side effect of a severe headache, an MRI scan of spine more often done

radi/o-

radius(forearm bone); X-rays; radiation

ROM

range of motion

clon/o-

rapid contracting and relaxing

REM

rapid eye movement

RPR

rapid plasma reagin (test for syphilis)

anencephaly

rare congenital condition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing. newborn breathes because resp centers in medulla oblongata are present but only survives hours or days

cranium

rounded dome of bone at the top of the skull

recept/o-

receive

electroencephalography (EEG)

records electrical activity of the brain. multiple electrodes are placed on the scalp overlying several lobes of the brain. they're attached by lead wires to electroencephalograph, a machine that record brain waves. there are four types of normal brain waves: alpha, beta, delta, theta. patterns of brain waves in lobes of left and right hemispheres should be the same. any difference suggests tumor or injury. abnormal waves suggest encephalopathy or dementia. during an epileptic seizure brain waves show specific patterns that are used to diagnose the type of epilepsy. in order to induce a seizure during EEG, patient may look at flashing lights or be sleep deprived. EEG also done as part of a polysomnography to diagnose sleep disorders and as part of evoked potential testing

rect/o-

rectum

erythr/o-

red

inflammat/o-

redness and warmth

rehab

rehabilitation(slang)

relax/o-

relax

compartment syndrome

result of severe blunt or crushing injury that causes bleeding in the muscles of the leg. fascia acts as a compartment, holding in the accumulated blood. increased pressure causes muscle and nerve damage and tissue death. need fasciotomy to allow the blood and fluid to drain out

prostatectomy

removal of entire prostate gland, along with lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens because of prostate cancer. retropubic or suprapubic surgical approach used

circumcision

removal of prepuce(foreskin). can be done to correct tight prepuce and allow better hygiene of glans penis. foreskin in newborn babies is often removed because social customs or religious requirements

orchiectomy

removal of testis because of testicular cancer

transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT)

removes bladder tumor from inside bladder. special cystoscope called resectoscope inserted that resects bladder tumor, cauterizes bleeding vessels, and uses irrigating fluid to flush tissue pieces out of bladder

kidney transplantation

removes damaged kidney from patient with end stage kidney failure and inserts new kidney from donor. matched by blood type and tissue type. patient must take immunosuppressant drug continuously to keep from rejecting organ

biopsy

removes tissue for prostate gland to diagnose cancer. large bore needle inserted through rectum or urethra to take a core of prostate tissue. fine needle aspiration biopsy of the testis performed to investigate low sperm count. thin needle inserted and syringe used to aspirate tissue, incisional biopsy(open) to remove part of a mass in testis

excret/o-

removing from the body

epilepsy

reoccuring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously send electrical impulses in abnormal uncontrolled way. aka seizures or convulsions. four common types, with a specific EEG pattern for each. can be triggered by flashing light, stress, lack of sleep, alcohol or drugs, or unknown. before onset of a seizure some experience aura, a visual, odor, tingling, or buzzing, that warns them. after a tonic-clonic seizure, the patient experiences sleepiness and confusion called postictal state. status epilepticus is prolonged or repetitive seizures without regaining consciousness.

RSI

repetitive strain injury

orchiopexy

repositioning of undescended testis and fixate it within scrotum

urethroplasty

repositions urethral meatus. to correct congenital hypospadais or epispadias

-oid

resembling

RICE

rest, ice, compression, elevation

gemin/o-

set or group

sediment

several types in urine. crystals(calcium oxalate, uric acid, etc) can become kidney stones. casts are protein molecules(hyaline casts) or blood(red cell casts) that is molded by the cylindrical shape of the tubules. epithelial cells are normal in urine sediment because they are shed continuously from lining of UT

coit/o-

sexual intercourse

pareun/o-

sexual intercourse

venere/o-

sexual intercourse

diaphys/o-

shaft of a bone

glenoid fossa

shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to maker he shoulder joint.

morph/o-

shape

triceps brachii

shape: origin of the muscle has three parts or heads(triceps) location: arm

biceps brachii

shape: origin of the muscles has two parts or heads(biceps) location: arm

contraction

shortening of the length of all the muscle fibers and the muscle itself. opposite of relaxation.

buccinator m.

side of face that moves the cheek

ethm/o-

sieve

vis/o-

sight; vision

cath

slang for catheterize or catheterization

somn/o-

sleep

symphysis joint

slightly movable joint btwn two pubic bones(the pubic symphysis) or btwn the vertebrae. this joint contains a large cartilage pad or a disk.

brady-

slow

retard/o-

slow down; delay

pubis

small bridge like bone that is the most anterior hip bone. the pubic symphysis is a nearly immobile joint between the two pubic bones.

bulbourethral glands

small bulblike glands below the prostate gland that secrete mucus into the urethra during ejaculation

orbicul/o-

small circle

nephrolithotomy

small incision inside skin and endoscope inserted in percutaneous approach into kidney to remove kidney stone embedded in renal pelvis or calices.

por/o-

small openings; pores

renal biopsy

small piece of kidney excised for analysis. to confirm or exclude cancer or kidney disease

-cle

small thing

-ule

small thing

tubul/o-

small tube

tremor

small, involuntary, sometimes jerky, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities. these are continuous and cannot be controlled by the patient. usually due to essential familial tremor, an inherited condition. need beta-blocker drug

cerebellum

small, rounded structure that is the most posterior part of the brain. it monitors muscle tone and position and coordinates muscle movements

glen/o-

socket of a joint

fontanel

soft spot on a baby's head where the cranial sutures are still open and there is only fibrous connective tissues

malac/o-

softening

complex partial (psychomotor)

some degree of impairment of consciousness. involuntary contractions of one or several muscle groups. can be automatisms, such as lip smacking or repetitive muscle movements. lasts 1-2 minutes

son/o-

sound

appendicular skeleton

the bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremities

ejaculation

sudden expelling of semen from the penis during sexual arousal of the male

pathet/o-

suffering

access/o-

supplemental or contributing part

craniotomy

surgical incision into the cranium to expose the brain tissue. a craniotomy is the first phase of any type of brain surgery, such as removal of a subdural hematoma or excising a brain tumor.

-ectomy

surgical removal

diskectomy

surgical removal of all or part of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk. this relieves pressure on the adjacent dorsal nerve roots and relieves the pain.

laminectomy

surgical removal of the lamina (the flat area of the arch of the vertebra). removal of this bony segment relieves pressure on the dorsal nerve roots and relieves pain from a herniated nucleus pulposus.

-stomy

surgically created opening

nephrectomy

surgically removes disease or cancerous kidney. healthy kidney can be transplanted

lord/o-

swayback

xiph/o-

sword

synov/o-

synovium(membrane)

synovi/o-

synovium(membrane)

-ature

system composed of

-ure

system; result of

ablat/o-

take away; destroy

deep tendon reflexes(DTR)

tapping briskly on a tendon causes an involuntary, automatic contraction of the muscles connected to the tendon. this tests whether the muscular-nervous pathway is functioning normally. this test can be done in several places, but most common is at the knee. aka knee jerk or patellar reflex

rotator cuff tear

tear in rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder that surround the head of the humerus. these muscles help to abduct the arm. can be caused by acute trauma or repetitive overuse, particularly motions in which the arm is above the head. need surgical repair.

syncope

temporary loss of consciousness. syncopal episode when patient becomes lightheaded, faints, and remains unconscious briefly. often caused by carotid artery stenosis and plaque that block blood flow or by cardiac arrhythmias that decrease blood flow to brain

ten/o-

tendon

tendin/o-

tendon

acid phosphatase(blood test)

test for enzyme found in prostate gland. prostatic acid phosphatase(PAP) only measures acid phosphatase from prostate gland as opposed to the total level. an increased level of it in blood indicates cancer of prostate that has metastasized to the body.

pH

test of how acidic or alkaline the urine is. acidic urine has a pH lower than 7, alkaline is higher than 7. urine is normally slightly alkaline. bacteria grow quickly and kidney stones from more readily in alkaline urine

drug screening

test on employees or athletes to detect any individual who is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs

alpha fetoprotein(AFP)

test or sample of amniotic fluid taken from the uterus by amniocentesis during pregnancy. used to diagnose a neural tube defect in the fetus before birth. the fetal liver makes alpha fetoprotein, and small amounts are normally present in the amniotic fluid. however an increased level indicates that its leaking into the amniotic fluid through a meningocele or meningomyelocele

acetylcholine receptor antibody test

test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its acetylcholine receptors. used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.

creatine phosphokinase(CPK-MM)

test that measures the level of serum CPK-MM, an isoenzyme found in the muscles. a high blood level of it is present in various diseases, particularly muscular dystrophy, in which muscle tissue is being destroyed

cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) examination

test that visually examines the CSF for clarity and color, microscopically for cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances. normal CSF is clear and colorless. CSF with pink or reddish tint contains a large number of RBCs which indicates bleeding in the brain from stroke or trauma. cloudy CSF contains large number of WBCs bc of bacterial infection such as encephalitis or meningitis. an elevated level of protein indicates infection or presence of a tumor. presence of oilgoclonal bands points to MS and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

-didymis

testes(twin structures)

TSE

testicular self exam

orch/o-

testis

orchi/o-

testis

orchid/o-

testis

test/o-

testis; testicle

testicul/o-

testis; testicle

neurologic examination

tests coordination, sensation, balance, and gait. coordination tests: (1) rapid alternating movements. the patient taps the tip of the index finger against the thumb as rapidly as possible. (2) finger-to-nose test. with eyes closed, patient touches tip of finger to nose. (3) patient touches the nose, then touches physicians finger as it moves to various locations, then touches the nose again. (4) heel-to-shin test. patient puts heel of one foot onto the opposite leg and then runs it from knee down skin to the toes. sensation tests: (1) with patients eyes closed, skin touched in various places with a cotton swab(to test light touch), a vibrating tuning fork(to test vibration), and the point of a pin(to test pain). one or two pins are used to see if the patient can distinguish the number of things touching the skin(two point discrimination). (2) patient's toe or finger is moved up and down and the patient is asked to identify the direction(to test body position and proprioception) balance tests: (1) Romberg test. the patient stands with the feet together and eyes closed. in a normal test, patient doesn't sway excessively or lose balance. aka the station test. gait tests: (1) manner of walking is assessed for a normal arm swing and stride. (2) patient asked to walk across the room heel-to-toe fashion. patient is asked to walk on toes, on heels, and then hop in place on each foot.

syphilis testing (blood test)

tests that include: RPR, VDRL, and FTA-ABS. RPR is rapid plasma reagin. VDRL stands for venereal disease research laboratory. these tests detect and antibody produced with syphilis. however its also produced with other diseases. FTA-ABS is fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption. which detects body's specific antibodies against syphilis

mini mental status examination(MMSE)

tests the patient's concrete and abstract thought processes and long and short term memory. patient asked to state his or her name, the date, and where they are. if answers are all correct, patient is said to be oriented to person, time, and place(oriented x3). the patient is asked to perform simple mental arithmetic, recall objects or words, name the current president and recent past presidents, spell a word backwards, and give the meaning of a proverb. a full mental status examination is done during a psychiatric evaluation.

thalam/o-

thalamus

bones

the 206 individual pieces of the skeleton. bone is known as osseous tissue. bony and steal are adjectives for bone.

adolesc/o-

the beginning of an adult

hallux

the great toe

pelvis

the hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column

cerebrum

the largest and most visible part of the brain. its surface contains gyro and sucli, and its divided into two hemisphere.

gonads

the male sex glands(i.e. the testes)

cerebral cortex

the outermost surface of the cerebrum. it consist of gray matter that contains the cell bodies of neurons

coitus

the physical union of male and female during sexual intercourse

tarsal bones

the seven bones in the ankle joint. the first tarsus; the largest is the calcaneus.

diaphysis

the straight shaft of a long bone

-logy

the study of

periosteum

thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone

T1-T12

thoracic vertebrae

thorac/o-

thorax(chest)

mit/o-

threadlike structure

tri-

three

stere/o-

three dimensions

meninges

three separate membranes that envelop and protect the entire brain and spinal cord. the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

ossicles

three tiny bones in the middle ear that function in the process of hearing. they are also known as the ossicular chain.

per-

through; throughout

then/o-

thumb

thym/o-

thymus; rage

tibi/o-

tibia(shin bone)

tib-fib

tibula-fibula(slang)

chron/o-

time

-graft

tissue for implant or transplant

fer/o-

to bear

fract/o-

to break up

aspir/o-

to breath in; to suck in

reduct/o-

to bring back; decrease

cis/o-

to cut

sect/o-

to cut

incis/o-

to cut into

amput/o-

to cut off

amputat/o-

to cut off

excis/o-

to cut out

resect/o-

to cut out; remove

ejaculat/o-

to expel suddenly

fixat/o-

to make stable or still

insert/o-

to put in; introduce

treansurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

to reduce the size of prostate in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. a specialized cytoscope(resectoscope) inserted through urethra. built in cutting instruments and cautery to resect pieces and cauterize bleeding vessels. chips of prostatic tissue are then irrigated out. TURP has been most common surgical instrument for a moderately to severe enlarged prostate gland. other procedures use a laser to vaporize tissues. these include photoselective vaporization of the prostate(PVP) and holmium laser ablation of the prostate(HoLAP). Laser surgery produces the same results as TURP with less bleeding and shorter recovery time. minimally invasive procedures for moderate benign prostatic hypertrophy include transurethral microwave therapy(TUMT), which uses microwave antenna on a catheter through urethra to destroy prostatic tissue with microwaves and heat, and transurethral needle ablation(TUNA), uses resectoscope to place needles in prostate to destroy tissue with radio waves and heat.

carotid endarterectomy

to remove a plaque from the carotid artery. this opens up the lumen of the artery, restores blood flow to the brain, and decreases the possibility of a stroke.

biopsy

to remove a tumor or mass from brain or other part of nervous system. in an excisional biopsy, the entire tumor or mass is removed and sent to lab for determination of being benign or malignant. even a benign brain tumor must be totally removed because it causes increasing intracranial pressure in the flexible bony cranium.

dialysis

to remove waste products from blood for patent in renal failure. undergo several times a week while waiting for transplant. two types: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

joint replacement surgery

to replace a joint destroyed by disease or osteoarthritis. a metal or plastic joint prosthesis is inserted. this surgery in done on the hips as a total hip replacement(THR) or on the knees, shoulders, or even on the small joints in the fingers. for a THR, the head of the femur us sawed off. the stem(long metal projection) of the prosthesis is hammered into the cut end of the femur. the head(ball) of the prosthesis is matched to acetabulum size and inserted into cup. (aka arthroplasty)

transmitt/o-

to send across or through

emiss/o-

to send out

erect/o-

to stand up

sorb/o-

to suck up

vuls/o-

to tear

open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF)

to treat a complicated fracture. a incision is made to open the skin and visualize the fracture, the fracture is reduced(realigned), and an internal fixation procedure is done using screws, nails, or plates to hold the fracture fragments in correct alignment.(a rongeur is a forceps that is used to remove small bone fragments)

enur/o-

to urinate

sym-

together; with

gloss/o-

tongue

TNTC

too numerous to count

THRq

total hip replacement

tact/o-

touch

dura mater

tough, outermost layer of the meninges. the dura mater lies just beneath the bones of the cranium and within the foramen of each vertebra.

ad-

toward

-ad

toward; in the direction of

TIA

transient ischemic attack

TRUS

transrectal ultrasound

TUMT

transurethral microwave therapy

TUNA

transurethral needle ablation

TURBT

transurethral resection of bladder tumor

TURP

transurethral resection of prostate

contusion

traumatic injury to brain or spinal cord. no loss of consciousness, but theres bruising with some bleeding in the tissues

concussion

traumatic injury to brain that results in an immediate loss of consciousness(LOC) for a brief or prolonged period of time. signs of slowly enlarging hemorrhage in the brain: sleepiness, irritability, vacant stare, slow answering questions, inability to follow commands, disorientation to time and place, slurred speech, or lack of coordination.

external fixation

treats a complicated fracture. an external fixator orthopedic device has metal pins that are inserted into the bone on either side of the fracture and connected to a metal frame which immobilizes the fracture. a similar device is used to perform a leg lengthening to treat a congenitally short leg. it has screws that are tuned daily, pulling the cut ends of bone apart so new bone grows in the gap and lengthens the leg.

delt/o-

triangle

scapula

triangular shaped bone on each side of the upper back. aka the shoulder blade. it contains the acromion, a bony projection that connects to the clavicle.

tub/o-

tube

seminiferous tubules

tubules within each testis where spermatozoa develop

-oma

tumor; mass

inversion

turning a body part inward. an invertor is a muscle that produces inversion when it contracts.

eversion

turning a body part outward and toward the side. an evertor is a muscle that produces eversion when it contracts.

supination

turning the palm of the hand anteriorly or upward. a supinator is a muscle that produces supination when it contracts.

pronation

turning the palm of the hand posteriorly or downward. a pronator is a muscle that produces pronation when it contracts.

ribs

twelve pairs of bones that forms the sides of the thorax. there are true rubs, false ribs, and floating ribs

cranial nerves(I-XII)

twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain. they carry sensory nerve impulses to the brain and/or motor nerve impulses from the brain

tort/i-

twisted position

genitourinary system

two body systems(male repro, urinary) that share some structures. aka urogenital system

hyoid bone

u shaped bone in the anterior neck. it is attached by ligament to the styloid process of the temporal bone

uln/o-

ulna(forearm bone)

ultrasonography

ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. image known as sonogram

comat/o-

unconsciousness

tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

unconsciousness with excessive motor activity. body alternates between excessive body tone with rigidity(tonic) and jerking muscle contractions(clonic) in extremities, with tongue biting and sometimes incontinence. lasts 1-2 minutes

epi-

upon; above

ureter/o-

ureter

urethr/o-

urethra

UA

urinalysis

neurogenic bladder

urinary retention of bladder due to lack of innervation of the nerves of the bladder. can be due to spinal cord injury, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, or parkinson's disease. bladder must be catheterized intermittently bc it doesn't contract to expel urine.

overactive bladder

urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall as the bladder fill with urine. sometimes causes incontinence.

ur/o-

urinary; urinary system

frequency

urinating often, usually in small amounts. can be due to kidney stone or enlarged prostate gland blocking urine, a urinary tract infection, or overactive bladder.

odor

urine has a faint odor due to the waste products in it. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a fruity smell bc of glucose in it. when urine stands at room temp, bacteria from air grow in it, breaking down the urea into ammonia; this gives old urine its characteristic smell

UPEP

urine protein electrophoresis

ur/o-

urine; urinary system

urin/o-

urine; urinary system

ultrasonography

used ultra high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce and image. of the testes is used to detect a varicocele or undescended testes. transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) uses probe inside rectum to obtain an image of prostate gland or to help guide a needle biopsy of gland.

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

uses X-rays and contrast dyes inserted into the bladder through catheter, outlines bladder and urethra. image taken while patient is urinating is called a voiding cystourethrogram

intravenous pyelography(IVP)

uses X-rays and radiopaque contrast dye thats injected intravenously and flows through the blood and into the kidneys. outlines renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra. shows any obstruction, blockage, kidney stone, or abnormal anatomy in UT. aka excretory urography. X-ray image known as pyelogram or urogram. alternatively retrograde pyelography can be done in which a cystoscopy performed and a catheter advanced into ureter and dye is injected which outlines ureter, pelvis, and calices of kidney

computed axial tomography(CAT, CT)

uses X-rays to create many individual closely spaced images. CT scans used to view cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord. radiopaque contrast dye can be injected to provide more detail

-quantitative computerized tomography(QCT)

uses an X-ray beam and a CT scan to create a 3D image. able to measure the density of both cancellous and cortical bone. cancellous is first to be affected by osteoporosis and the first to respond to therapy.

urine protein electrophoresis(UPEP)

uses electricity to move substances in a gel. detects immunoglobulins and Bence-Jones protein, an abnormal protein in the urine of patients with cancer multiple myeloma

magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

uses magnetic field and radio waves to align the protons in the body and cause them to emit signals that create an image. magnetic resonace imaging is a type of tomography that creates images as slices. MRI scans are used to view cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord radiopaque contrast dye can be injected for more detail

renal scan

uses radioactive isotope injected intravenously. taken up by kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image. performed after kidney transplantation to look for signs of organ rejection

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

uses radioactive substance that is combined with glucose molecules and injected intravenously. as glucose metabolized, radioactive substances emit positrons, and these form gamma rays that are detected by a gamma camera. image reflects amount of metabolism in that area. increased metabolism can be due to cancerous tumor. decreased metabolism can be due to Alzheimer's disease, parkinson's, or epilepsy

aponeurosis

wide, white sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure

hemodialysis

uses shunt or fistula to low easy reliable access to blood. shunt used when patients blood vessels are small. fistula created by joining artery with a vein, which enlarges to accommodate two needles, one that removes blood and another that receives pure blood from dialysis machine

lithotripsy

uses sound waves to break up kidney stones. after X-ray located stone, a lithotriptor generated sound waves. aka extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL). in surgical percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, endoscope inserted through skin into kidney, lithotriptor inserted into kidney to break up stones. sometimes laser beam used to break up really hard stones

-DEXA(DXA) scan (aka dual-energy xray absorptiometry)

uses two dual X-ray beams with different energy levels to create a 2D image. can detect as little as 1% bone loss

doppler ultrasonography

uses ultra high frequency sound waves to produce a 2D image to visualize areas of stenosis and plaque and turbulence in blood flow in carotid arteries. aka carotid duplex scan

VMA

vanillylmandelic acid

varic/o-

varicose vein

varicocele

varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testis. the valves in the vein do not close completely. the vein becomes distended with blood and is painful. a varicocele can cause low sperm count and infertility

internal genitalia

vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, bulbourethral gland, and prostate gland in the pelvic cavity

ven/o-

vein

VD

venereal disease

VDRL

venereal disease research laboratory (test for syphilis)

ventricul/o-

ventricle(lower heart chamber; chamber in the brain)

spondyl/o-

vertebra

vertebr/o-

vertebra

cervical vertebrae

vertebrae C1-C7 of the vertebral column in the neck. C1 is the atlas; C2 is the axis.

lumbar vertebrae

vertebrae L1-L5 of the vertebral column in the lower back

thoracic vertebrae

vertebrae T1-T12 of the vertebral column in the area of the chest. each vertebra joins with one pair of ribs

compression fracture

vertebrae are compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of disease

sternum

vertical bone of the anterior thorax to which the clavicle and ribs are attached. aka the breast bone. the manubrium is the triangular shaped superior part of the sternum, while the xiphoid process in the inferior pointed tip

hairline fracture

very thin fracture line with the bone pieces still together. it is difficult to detect except on an xray

vestibul/o-

vestibule(entrance)

shaken baby syndrome

vigorous shaking. because infants head is large and neck muscles weak, head whips back and forth. this can cause contusion, concussion, hemorrhaging, mental retardation, coma, or even death

VCUG

voiding cystourethography

ambulat/o-

walking

pariet/o-

wall of a cavity

vag/o-

wandering; vagus nerve

hydr/o-

water; fluid

rheumat/o-

watery discharge

bell's palsy

weakness, drooping or actual paralysis of one side of face because of inflammation of facial nerve. caused by viral infection, maybe herpes. usually lasts a month then disappears.

phen/o-

wedge shape

open fracture

when bone breaks skin(aka compound fracture)

dementia

when many neurons in the cerebrum die, cerebral cortex shrinks in size and progressive deterioration in mental function. most often associated with old age(senile-onset dementia) and the cumulative effect of multiple small cerebrovascular accidents(multi-infarct dementia). most common cause of dementia is alzheimers disease, a hereditary dementia with mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21. at autopsy, neurons show neurofibrillary tangles that distort the cells. also are microscopic beta amyloid senile plaques. brain also has decreased level of acetylcholine. if it occurs in middle aged person its called early onset or presenile dementia.

origin

where the tendon of a muscle begins and is attached to a stationary(or nearly stationary) bone

insertion

where the tendon of a muscle ends on a bone that moves as the muscle contracts or relaxes

leuk/o-

white