Ch 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
extensor digitorum m.
extends fingers or toes
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWT
extracorporeal shock wave therapy
ocul/o-
eye
opt/o-
eye; vision
faci/o-
face
pronat/o-
face down
vomer
facial bone that forms in the inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to join the sphenoid bone
zygoma
facial bone that is a cheek bone and goes to the edge of the eye socket. aka zygomatic bone
maxilla
facial bone that is the immovable upper jaw bone. it supports the nose and lips and contains the roots of the upper teeth and the maxillary sinuses. the maxilla consists of two fused maxillary bones.
mandible
facial bone that is the lower jaw and contains the roots of the lower teeth. it is the only movable bone in the skull and forms a joint in front of the ear with the temporal bone(the temporomandibular joint)
palatine bones
facial bones that are small and flat and form the posterior hard palate
nasal bones
facial bones that form the bridge of the nose and the root of the nasal cavity
lacrimal bones
facial bones within the eye socket. they are small, flat bones near the lacrimal glands, which produce tears
infertility
failure of a woman to conceive after at least on year of regular sexual intercourse. in the man is infertile, it can be because of hormone imbalance of FSH or LH, undescended testicles, a varicocele, damage to testes from mumps, infection of testes, too few spermatozoa, or abnormal spermatozoa
cryptorchidism
failure of one of both of the testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. this causes a low sperm count and male infertility. aka cryptorchism. need testosterone drug and orchioplexy
syncop/o-
fainting
fasci/o-
fascia
myelin
fatty sheath around a larger axon. its an insulating layer that is important for the conduction of electrical impulses. an axon with myelin is myelinated. myelin around larger axons in the brain and spinal cord is produced by oligodendroglia. myelin around larger axons in the cranial and spinal nerves is produced by the Schwann cells
phob/o-
fear; avoidance
gynec/o-
female; woman
femor/o-
femur(thigh bone)
incontinence
inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. can be due to spinal cord injury, surgery on prostate gland, unconsciousness, or a mental condition such as dementia.
dendrites
multiple branches at the beginning of a neuron whose receptors bind with a neurotransmitter and convert it to an electrical impulse
muscul/o-
muscle
my/o-
muscle
myos/o-
muscle
fibrill/o-
muscle fiber; nerve fiber
cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart that pumps blood through the circulatory system. an involuntary muscle that is not under conscious control.
hemiparesis
muscle weakness on one side of body
muscul/o-
muscular
MD
muscular dystrophy
spermatic cord
muscular tube that contains arteries, veins, and nerves for each testis as well as the vas deferens. it passes through the inguinal canal
myelin/o-
myelin
proxim/o-
near the center or point of origin
nuch/o-
neck
cervic/o-
neck; cervix
nerv/o-
nerve
neur/o-
nerve
efferent nerves
nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body
afferent nerves
nerves that carry sensory nerve impulses from body to spinal cord or brain
NICU
neurologic intensive care unit
tibialis anterior m.
of anterior lower leg that bends the foot up toward the leg(dorsiflexion)
vastus lateralis m.
of anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen(flexion) and straightens the lower leg(extension). the vastus medialis m has the same action
semitendinosus m.
of posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly(extension), bends the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion), and rotates the leg medially. the semimembranosus m has the same action
rectus abdominis m.
of the abdomen that bends the upper body forward (flexion) and compresses the anterior abdominal wall
external abdominal oblique m.
of the abdomen that bends the upper body forward(flexion), rotates the side of the body medially, and compresses the side of the abdominal wall. the internal abdominal oblique m lies directly beneath it and performs the same movements, but its muscle fibers are oriented in the opposite direction
brachioradialis m.
of the anterior lower arm that bends the lower arm toward the upper arm(flexion)
biceps brachii m.
of the anterior upper arm that bends the upper arm toward the shoulder(flexion) and bends the lower arm toward the upper arm(flexion). origin of this muscles has two heads
rectus femoris m.
of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen (flexion) and straightens the lower leg (extension)
sartorius m.
of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen(flexion) and rotates it laterally
latissimus dorsi m.
of the back that moves the arm posteriorly and medially toward the vertebral column(adduction)
gluteus maximus m.
of the buttocks that moves the upper leg posteriorly (extension) and rotates it laterally
pectoralis major m.
of the chest that moves the arm anteriorly and medially across the chest(adduction)
frontalis m.
of the forehead that moves that forehead skin and eyebrows
peroneus longus m.
of the lateral lower leg that raises the lateral edge of the foot(eversion) and bends the foot downward (plantar flexion)
sternocleidomastoid m.
of the neck that bends the head toward the sternum(flexion) and turns the head to either side(rotation). its origin is at two muscle heads on the sternum and clavicle. its insertion is at the mastoid process of the temporal bone behind the ear.
platysma m.
of the neck that moves the mandible down
gastrocnemius m.
of the posterior lower leg that bends the foot downward(plantar flexion) and lets you stand on tiptoe
triceps brachii m.
of the posterior upper arm that straightens the lower arm(extension). origin has three heads.
biceps femoris m.
of the posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly(extension) and bends the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion). origin has two heads.
deltoid m.
of the shoulder that raises the arm and moves the arm away from the body(abduction)
trapezius m.
of the shoulder that raises the shoulder, pulls the shoulder blades together, and elevates the clavicle. it turns the head from side to side(rotation) and moves the head posteriorly(extension).
masseter m.
of the side of the face that moves the mandible upward
temporalis m.
of the side of the head that moves the mandible upward and backward
sen/o-
old age
extern/o-
outside
extra-
outside of
dyspareunia
painful or difficult sexual intercourse or postcoital pain. caused by infection of penis or prostate gland, chord of penis, or phimosis.
spinal traction
procedure in which a fracture of the vertebra is immobilized while it heals. two metal pins are surgically inserted into the cranium and attached to a set of tongs with a rope and pulley and 7-10 pounds of weight. a patient with a partially healed fracture of the vertebra can be fitted for a halo vest with pins in the cranium attached to a metal ring(halo). allows patient to walk around.
bursa
sac of synovial membrane that contains synovial fluid. it decreases friction where a tendon rubs against a bone near a synovial joint
sacr/o-
sacrum
olig/o-
scanty; few
scapul/o-
scapula(shoulder blade)
external genitalia
scrotum, testes, epididymides, penis, and urethra
myofibril
section of a muscle fiber that contains thin strands (actin) and thick strands (myosin) that give its characteristic striated appearance under a microscope
gon/o-
seed(ovum or spermatozoon)
-lepsy
seizure
convuls/o-
seizure
epilept/o-
seizure
ict/o-
seizure
aut/o-
self
ganglion
semisolid or fluid containing cyst that develops on a tendon, often in the wrist, hand, or foot. its a rounded lump under the skin and may or may not be painful. need: needle aspiration of fluid from ganglion or surgical removal(ganglionectomy)
extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT)
sound waves produced outside of body used to break up bone spurs and treat other minor but painful problems in the foot.
subarachnoid space
space beneath the arachnoid layer of the meninges. it is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
synapse
space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. space between the axon of a neuron and the cells of a muscle, organ or gland
interstiti/o-
spaces within tissues
spast/o-
spasm
SG (sp gr)
specific gravity
migraine headache
specific type of reoccurring headache with sudden onset, sever throbbing pain, often on one side of head. caused by constriction of arteries to brain followed by sudden dilation(which causes pain) accompanied by the release of neuropeptides by trigeminal nerve which causes inflammation
phas/o-
speech
semin/i-
spermatozoon; sperm
semin/o-
spermatozoon; sperm
-sphere
sphere; ball
arachn/o-
spider; spider web
SCI
spinal cord injury
radicul/o-
spinal nerve root
rhiz/o-
spinal nerve; root
spin/o-
spine; backbone
fiss/o-
splitting
cancellous bone
spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones. its spaces are filled with red bone marrow that makes blood cells. it is also found in the skull, clavicles, sternum, ribs, vertebra, and hip bones.
styl/o-
stake
astrocyte
star-shaped cell that provides structural support for neurons, connects them to capillaries, and forms the blood-brain barrier
astr/o-
starlike structure
-ancy
state of
-ence
state of
-physis
state of growing
-ptosis
state of prolapse; drooping, falling
-ity
state; condition
-steriod
steriod
steriod/o-
steriod
stern/o-
sternum(breast bone)
-steroid
steroid
gastr/o-
stomach
calcul/o-
stone
orth/o-
straight
extens/o-
straightening
extension
straightening and extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or two body parts. an extensor is a muscle that produces extension when it contracts
sens/o-
sensation
anethesia
sensation lost. can have temporary loss from nerve compression. third degree burns permeant damage. permanent under spinal cord injury.
alges/o-
sensation of pain
esthes/o-
sensation; feeling
esthet/o-
sensation; feeling
audit/o-
sense of hearing
olfact/o-
sense of smell
gustat/o-
sense of taste
urgency
strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly. caused by obstruction from enlarged prostate gland, or inflammation from UTI
nucleus
structure in the cell body of a neuron that directs cellular activities
bulb/o-
structure like a bulb
receptor
structure on the cell membrane of an dendrite(or on a muscle, organ, or gland) where a neurotransmitter binds
trochle/o-
structure shaped like a pulley
muscle
structure that produces movement of the body
format/o-
structure; arrangement
narc/o-
stupor; sleep
skeletomuscular system
the combined systems of the bones and muscles. the bones provide the support for the muscles, and the muscles enable the bones to move. it is also known as the musculoskeletal system.
fascia
thin connective sheet around each muscle fascicle and around the muscle itself. it merges to become part of the tendon.
pia mater
thin, delicate innermost layer of the meninges. it covers the surface of the brain and contains many small blood vessels.
arachnoid
thin, middle layer of the meninges that contains a spider-weblike network of fibers that go into the subarachnoid space
retinaculum
thin, nearly translucent band of fibrous tissue and fascia that holds down tendons that cross the wrist and ankle.
man/o-
thin; frenzy
-triptor
thing that crushes
-ite
thing that pertains to
fibula
thinner of the two bones of the lower leg, located on the little toe side. the adjectives fibular and peroneal mean fibula.
intra-
within
athet/o-
without position or place
an-
without; not
e-
without; out
lex/o-
word
log/o-
word; the study of
carp/o-
wrist
DJD
degenerative joint disease
-plasm
growth; formed substance
suspens/o-
hanging
scler/o-
hard; sclera(white of the eye)
global aphasia
have both forms
-ory
having the function of
-cephalus
head
cephal/o-
head
brainstem auditory evoked potential/response (BAEP/BAER)
headphones play series of clicks in one ear and then the other. this evaluates nerve pathways form the ears to the cerebrum.
hyperesthesia
heightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increase response to painful stimuli.
pyelonephritis
imflammation and infection of renal pelvis of the kidney. infection of the kidney(nephritis) also involves the renal pelves. caused by bacterial infection of the bladder that goes up the ureters to the kidneys.
-blast
immature cell
temporalis
location: temporal bone of the cranium
K, K+
potassium
kal/i-
potassium
pH
potential of hydrogen (acid or alkaline)
scrotum
pouch of skin that holds the two testes
de-
reversal of; without
WBCs
if milky or cloudy, TNTC
ili/o-
ilium(hip bone)
spermatocyte
immature spermatozoon in the wall of the seminiferous tubule
blast/o-
immature; embryonic
suture joint
immovable joint btwn two cranial bones; contains no cartilage
immun/o-
immune response
RIND
reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RF
rheumatoid factor
cost/o-
rib
cost/o-
ribs
patella
thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint. aka kneecap
-verse
to travel; to turn
vers/o-
to travel; to turn
vert/o-
to travel; to turn
WBC
white blood cell
epidural space
area btwn the dura mater and the vertebral body. filled with fatty tissue and blood vessels
cortical bone
dense, compact weight bearing bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone
densit/o-
density
dextr/o-
right
RLE
right lower ext
RUE
right upper ext
cystoscopy
rigid or flexible cystoscope inserted through urethra to examine bladder.
rhabd/o-
rod shaped
cytoplasm
area in the cell body of a neuron that contains structures that produce neurotransmitter and energy for the neuron
dendr/o-
branching structure
ly/o-
break down; destroy
lys/o-
break down; destroy
comminut/o-
break into small pieces
fract/o-
break up
humerus
long bone of the upper arm. head of humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to make the shoulder joint.
femur
long bone of the upper leg. aka thigh bone. the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to make the hip joint
urinalysis(UA)
describes urine and detects substances in it. quick one can be done with a dipstick or urine specimen can be sent to lab for full analysis.
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
epiphys/o-
enlarged area at the end of a long bone
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves. each pair joins the spinal cord in the ares btwn two vertebra. an individual spinal nerve consists of dorsal nerve roots and ventral nerve roots
DNA analysis (semen test)
DNA analysis of semen from crime scene or rape victim can be compared to samples of known DNA in a criminal database. can be used to prove paternity
nephrotomography
CAT scan and contrast dye injected intravenously. takes X-ray images as multiple slices through kidneys. images can be examined layer by layer to show exact location of tumors
CDCP
CDC and prevention
olfactory nerve
CN I. sensory nerve. sense of smell.
optic nerve
CN II. sensory nerve. sense of vision
oculomotor nerve
CN III. motor nerve. movement of the eyeball, eyelids, and iris(to change diameter of pupil)
trochlear nerve
CN IV. motor nerve. movement of eyeball
trigeminal nerve
CN V. sensory and motor nerve. sensation in the face and mouth. movement of the muscles for chewing. it consists of three branches: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve.
vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII. sensory nerve. sense of hearing and balance. aka auditory nerve.
vagus nerve
CN X. sensory and motor nerve. sensation of taste from the soft palate and throat. sensation in the ears, diaphragm, and the internal organs. it controls the heart rate and the smooth muscles in the bronchi and GI tract.
accessory nerve
CN XI. motor nerve. movement of muscle for swallowing, the vocal cords, and muscles of the neck and upper back. two if its nerve branches also assist the vagus nerve.
hypoglossal nerve
CN XII. motor nerve. movement of the tongue
reversible ischemic nuerologic deficit(RIND)
CVA whose effects last for several days
osteomyelitis
infection in the bone and the bone marrow. bacteria enter the bone following an open fracture, crush injury, or surgical procedure. antibiotic drug.
D.C.
Doctor of Chiropracty or Chiropractic Medicine
skelet/o-
skeleton
IVP
intravenous pyelography
cutane/o-
skin
vas deferens
long tube that receives spermatozoa from the epididymus and carries them to the seminal vesicles. aka ductus deferens
dermat/o-
skin
torn meniscus
tear of cartilage pad of knee because of injury. arthroscopy and repair.
spad/o-
tear; opening
cerebral palsy(CP)
caused by lack of oxygen to parts of fetus's brain during birth. result can include spastic muscles; lack of coordination in walking, eating, and talking; muscle paralysis; seizures; or mental retardation.
lacrim/o-
tears
tempor/o-
temple(side of head)
hy/o-
U shaped structure
pyuria
WBCs in the urine, indicating a UTI. severe pyuria can cause urine to be cloudy or milky, or number of WBCs may be so few that must be seen under microscope.
epididymis
long, coiled tube on outer wall of each testis. it receives spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules, stores them, and destroys defective spermatozoa
renal angiography
X-rays and contrast dye intravenously that flows through blood into renal artery. outlines renal artery and shows any obstruction or blockage. aka renal arteriography. image known as renal angiogram or renal arteriogram
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone due to a deficiency of Vitamin D in the diet or inadequate exposure to the sun whose rays make Vitamin D in the skin. in children, this causes rickets with bone pain and fractures. Need vitamin D supplement and sun exposure.
scrot/o-
a bag; scrotum
braces and adaptive devices
a brace is an orthopedic device known as an orthosis that supports and straightens a body part that has weak muscles. it keeps the body part in anatomical alignment while still permitting movement. an adaptive or assistive device increases mobility and independence by helping a physically challenged patient perform activities of daily living. Ex: grasper to extend the reach, spoons that can be attached to the wrist, and extra large pens that can be easily grasped.
fascicle
a bundle composed of many muscle fibers. surrounded by fascia. many fascicles grouped together form a muscle
nerve
a bundle of individual neurons
gamete
a cell(male spermatozoon or female ovum) that has 23 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 chromosomes like other cells
hypokalemia
a decreased amount of potassium in the blood. usually due to a diuretic drug that causes kidneys to excrete an excessive amount of urine(and potassium)
synovial joint
a fully movable joint. there are two types: hinge joint(elbow and knee) and ball-and-socket joints(hip and shoulder). ligaments hold the bone ends together. the bone ends are covered with articular cartilage. the inner surface of the joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
goniometry
a goniometer used to measure the angle of a joint and its range of motion
substantia nigra
a gray-to-black pigmented area in the midbrain of the brainstem that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine
foramen
a hole in a bone. foramen magnum is the largest. spinal cord passes through it to join the brain. there is a foramen in the vertebra where the spinal cord passes through. there are small foramina in the bones where blood vessels go through to the bone marrow.
locat/o-
a place
-ation
a process; being or having
-gram
a record or picture
somatosensory evoked potential/response (SSEP/SSER)
a small electrical impulse is administered to arm or leg. evaluates nerve pathways from the extremities to the cerebrum.
-poietin
a substance that forms
-on
a substance; structure
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a temporary lack of oxygen to an area of the brain, effects only last 24 hours
-il
a thing
abdomin/o-
abdomen
fertil/o-
able to conceive a child
-omatosis
abnormal condition of tumor or masses
-olisthesis
abnormal condition with slipping
dyskinesia
abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles. attempts at movement become tics, muscle spasms, muscle jerking(myoclonus), or slow wandering purposeless writhing of the hand(athetoid movements) in which some muscles of the fingers are flexed and others are extended. it's in association with neurological disorderes(parkinson's; huntington's chorea; cerebral palsy;etc)
paresthesia
abnormal sensations, such as tingling, burning to pinpricks arr felt on skin. chronic nerve damage from pinches nerve or diabetic neuropathy
chondromalacia patellae
abnormal softening of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear. the thigh muscle pulls the patella in a crooked path that wears away the underside of the bone. strengthening of the thigh muscle to correct the direction of its contraction.
osteoporosis
abnormal thinning of bone structure. when bone breakdown exceeds bone formation, calcium and phosphorus are lost, and bone becomes osteoporotic(porous) with many small areas of demineralization. this can cause a compression fracture as a vertebra collapses in on itself. the vertebral column decreases in height, the patient becomes shorter, and there is an abnormal curvature of the upper back and shoulders(dowager's hump). osteoporosis can cause a spontaneous fracture(pathologic fracture) of the hip or femur. sometimes its unclear whether an older patient fell and fractured the bone or whether the osteoporotic bone spontaneously fracture and caused the patient to fall. it occurs in postmenopausal women and older men. estradiol in women simulates bone formation, and loss of estradiol at menopause leads to osteoporosis. a lack of dietary calcium and a lack of exercise contribute to the process. need bone density test for diagnosis; drug to decrease the rate of bone resorption or drug to activate estradiol receptors, and calcium supplement.
priapism
abnormal, continuing erection of the penis with pain and tenderness. caused by spinal cord injury or side effect of a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction
scoliosis
abnormal, excessive, C-shaped or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine. the back is said to have scoliotic curvature. a dextroscoliosis curves to patients right, while levoscoliosis is to patients right. can be congenital but cause often unknown. develops during childhood and may continue to progress during adolescence. it impairs movement, posture, and breathing. an X-ray shows the degree of curvature. back brace of surgery.
lordosis
abnormal, excessive, anterior curvature of the lumber spine. aka swayback. back said to have lordic curvature. back brace or surgery.
kyphosis
abnormal, excessive, posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. aka humpback or hunchback. the back is said to have kyphotic curvature. kyphoscoliosis is a complex curvature with components of both kyphosis and scoliosis. back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten a severely curved spine.
arteriovenous malformation(AVM)
abnormality in which arteries in the brain connect directly to veins(not capillaries) forming twisted nest of blood vessels. can rupture and cause a stroke.
nephroptosis
abnormally low position of kidney. sometimes requires surgery but more often mentioned in incidental finding seen on an X-ray
bradykinesia
abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous muscle movements. usually associated with parkinson's disease, a neurological disease of the brain. need drug for parkinson's disease
AKA
above knee amp
hyper-
above; more than normal
anuria
absence of urine production by kidneys bc of acute or chronic renal failure.
acetabul/o-
acetabulum(hip socket)
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
trans-
across; through
extensor digitorum
action: extends location: digits
flexor hallucis brevis
action: flexes location: big toe(hallux) size: short(brevis)
-ion
action; condition
-ment
action; state
ADLs
activities of daily living
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, particularly of the joints. an autoimmune disorder in which the patient's own antibodies attack cartilage and connective tissue. usually young to middle aged females. redness and swelling of joints, often hands and feet. joint cartilage is slowly destroyed by inflammation. symptoms flare and subside over time, with progressive deformity in the joints
prostatitis
acute or chronic bacterial infection of the prostate gland. caused by UTI or STD.
radiculopathy
acute or chronic condition that occurs because of tumor, arthritis, or herniated nucleus pulpous(HNP)(aka slipped disk)(aka sciatica because disk presses on sciatic nerve)(when contents of intervertebral disk forced out though weak area in disk wall). these press on nearby spinal nerve roots.
ARF
acute renal failure
post-
after; behind
meta-
after; subsequent to; transition; change
re-
again and again; backward; unable to
anti-
against
protein
albumin not normally found in urine. presence in dictated damage to glomerulus
radic/o-
all parts including the root
AFP
alpha fetoprotein
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
hyperkinesis
an abnormally increased amount of muscle movements. restlessness. can be a side effect of a drug
spermatozoon
an individual mature sperm. bc it contains 23 chromosomes, it is a gamete. the flagellum is the long tail on a spermatozoon that makes it move. aka the sperm
neuron
an individual nerve cell. functional part of nervous system
restless leg syndrome(RLS)
an uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the muscles of the legs, particularly the calf muscles, along with an indescribable tingling, aching, or crawling insect sensation. usually occurs at night and can interfere with sleep. exact cause is unknown. need: drug Requip, which stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain. tranquilizer drug may be of some help
goni/o-
angle
-zoon
animal; living thing
tars/o-
ankle
AP
anterioposterior
anti-CCP
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
closed fracture
any fracture in which the bone does not break the skin
hypothalamus
area in the center of the brain just below the thalamus that coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata. it controls the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, sensations of hunger and thirst. it also produces hormones as part of the endocrine system; it has a stalk of tissue that con nests it to the pituitary gland of the endocrine system
thalamus
area in the center of the cerebrum that is a relay statio. it takes sensory nerve impulses from the cranial and spinal nerves and sends them to the midbrain and the cerebrum
gustatory cortex
area in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information from taste receptors in the tongue for sense of taste
visual cortex
area in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory information from receptors in the retina of each eye for the sense of sight
olfactory cortex
area in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory in formation from receptors in the nose for the sense of smell
auditory cortex
area in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that analyzes sensory information from receptors in the cochlea for the sense of hearing
infarct/o-
area of dead tissue
belly of the muscle
area of greatest mass, usually the center of the muscle midway bwtn origin and insertion
perineum
area of skin between anus and scrotum
somatosensory area
area of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum that analyses sensory information from receptors in the skin, joints, and muscles.
neuromuscular junction
area on a single muscle fiber where a nerve cell connects to it
joint
area where two bones come together. aka articulation. there are three types of joints: suture, symphysis, and synovial.
gen/o-
arising from; produced
gen/o-
arising from; produced by
brachi/o-
arm
circum-
around
peri-
around
orbicularis oculi m.
around the eye that closes the eyelids
obicularis oris m.
around the mouth that closes the lips
align/o-
arranged in a straight line
arteri/o-
artery
prosthet/o-
artificial part
lyme disease
artritis causes by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick. erythematous rash that expands outward from bite for several weeks(bulls eye rash) but is not itchy. joint pain, fever, chills, and fatigue. if untreated, can cause severe fatigue and affect the nervous system(numbness, severe headache) and the heart. antibiotic drug.
AVM
ateriovenous malformation
guillain-barre syndrome
autoimmune disorder where body makes antibodies against myelin. acute inflammation or peripheral nerves, loss of myelin with interruption of nerve conduction, ,muscle weakness, changes in sensation. from infection stress or trauma.begins in legs then the whole body. does not reoccur
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder with abnormal and rapid fatigue of the muscles, particularly in muscles of the face, where there is ptosis(dropping) of the eyelids. weakness worsens during the day, but is relieved by rest. body produces antibodies against its own acteylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers that destroy many of the receptors. normal levels of acetylcholine but too few receptors remain to produce a sustained muscle contraction. need: thymectomy to remove the thymus because it contributes to the abnormal immune response; drug that prolongs the action of acetylcholine. plasmapheresis to remove antibodies from the blood.
ab-
away from
dis-
away from
dist/o-
away from the center or point or origin
a-
away from; without
axi/o-
axis
dors/o-
back; dorsum
UTI (urinary tract infection)
bacterial infection somewhere in urinary tract, most often caused by E. coli which is normally found in intestines and rectum. Urethritis is when infection is only in urethra. cystitis is when infection is in bladder. pyelonephritis is infection in kidney. because of short length of urethra in women and its location close to anus, women are more prone to UTIs then men. Catheterization can also introduce bacteria. helps to acidify urine like drinking cranberry juice
mal-
bad; inadequate
alkal/o-
base
anter/o-
before; front part
pre-
before; in front of
retr/o-
behind; backward
potent/o-
being capable of doing
BKA
below knee amp
hypo-
below; deficient
sub-
below; underneath
flex/o-
bending
flexion
bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts. a flexor is a muscle that produces flexion when it contracts
stone basketing
cystoscope inserted into bladder. stone basket passed through to snare a kidney stone and remove it
meningioma
benign form meninges around brain or spinal cord
schwannoma
benign form schwann cells near cranial or spinal nerves
ependymoma
benign from ependymal cells that line ventricles
benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH)
benign gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages. the enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra and causes the bladder to retain urine. there is a hesitancy and dribbling on urination and a narrowed caliber of the urine stream.
glioma
benign or malignant from any neuroglial cell
brain tumor
benign or malignant tumor anywhere in brain. they arise from neuroglia or meninges, rather than from neurons themselves. named according to type of cell fro which they originated. malignant brain tumors can be secondary tumors that metastasized from a primary malignant tumor elsewhere in the body. because cranium is rigid, the enlarging tumor causes increased intracranial pressure(ICP), cerebral edema, and sometimes seizures. pressure compresses and destroys brain tissues
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor in a muscle. need surgical removal
neuroma
benign tumor of nerve or cell of nervous system. morton's neuroma from repetitive damage to nerve near matetarsophalangeal joints btwn ball of foot and toes
cysto
cystoscopy(slang)
chondroma
bening tumor of the cartilage. surgical removal if necessry
kyph/o-
bent; humpbacked
para-
beside; apart from; two parts to a pair; abnormal
inter-
between
intercostal mm.
between the ribs that work in pairs to spread the ribs apart during inspiration and pull the ribs together during forced expiration, coughing, or sneezing.
ultra-
beyond; higher
vesic/o-
bladder; fluid filled sac
cyst/o-
bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst
hem/o-
blood
hemat/o-
blood
hemoarthrosis
blood in the joint cavity form blunt trauma or a penetrating wound. occur spontaneously in hemophiliac patients. temporary immobilization of joint, aspiration of blood from joint cavity, and corticosteroid drug.
hematuria
blood in urine. can be gross or frank blood(easily seen with naked eye) or microscopic hematuria. can be caused by kidney stone, cystitis, bladder cancer, etc. can also be due to menstrual blood that contaminated urine specimen.
angi/o-
blood or lymphatic vessel
uric acid lab test
blood test that has an elevated level inpatients with gout and gouty arthritis
rheumatoid factor (RF) lab test
blood test that is usually positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. anti-CCP blood test measures the level of antibodies, and is always increased in patients with RA.
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
vascul/o-
blood vessel
angi/o-
blood vessel; ;lymphatic vessel
vas/o-
blood vessel; vas deferens
corpor/o-
body
physic/o-
body
somat/o-
body
skeletal system
body system that consists of all three bones, ligaments, and joints of the body
nervous system
body system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves. includes CNS and PNS and its divisions. its made up of neural tissue
urinary system
body system that includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. its function is to produce, transport, store, and excrete urine. also helps to regulate the internal environment of the body by secreting the enzyme renin and hormone erythropoietin. aka urinary tract, genitourinary system or tract, urogenital system or tract, and excretory system.
osse/o-
bone
oste/o-
bone
osteoclast
bone cell that breaks down areas of old or damaged bone
osteoblast
bone cell that deposits new bone
osteocyte
bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content(calcium, phosphorus) of bone
comminuted fracture
bone crushed into several small pieces
spiral fracture
bone is broken in a spiral because of a twisting force
transverse fracture
bone is broken in a transverse plane perpendicular to its long axis
oblique fracture
bone is broken on an oblique angle
greenstick fracture
bone is broken only on one side. this occurs in children because part of the bone is still flexible cartilage
myel/o-
bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin
BMD
bone mineral density
frontal bone
bone that forms the forehead and top of the cranium and ends at the coronal structure. it contains the frontal sinuses.
occipital bone
bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium. it contains the large opening, the foramen magnum.
ethmoid bone
bone that forms the posterior nasal septum and the medial walls of the eye sockets. it contains many tiny hollow areas that are the ethmoid sinus.
temporal bones
bones that form the lower sides of the cranium. they contain the openings for the external ear canals. bony landmarks include the mastoid process behind the ear and the pointed styloid process, a point of attachment for ligaments of the hyoid bone
parietal bones
bones that form the upper sides and posterior of the cranium. they join at the saggital suture.
thorax
bony cage of the chest that contains the thoracic cavity with the heart, lungs, and other structures. aka rib cage.
spine
bony column of vertebrae. aka vertebral column, spinal column, or backbone. it it divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. spine also refers to bony projection, such as the spinous process on the vertebra.
skeleton
bony framework of the body that consists of all the bones
malleous
bony projection of the distal fibula(medial malleolus) or the distal fibula(lateral malleolus). often mistakenly called the ankle bones
vertebrae
bony structure in the spine. most vertebrae have a vertical body(flat, circular area), spinous process(bony projection along the mid back), two transverse processes(bony projections to the side), and a foramen(hole where spinal cord passes through).
skull
bony structure of the head that consists of the cranium and facial bones
encephal/o-
brain
mast/o-
breast; mastoid bone
mast/o-
breast; mastoid process
spir/o-
breathe; a coil
narcolepsy
brief involuntary episodes of falling asleep during daytime while engaged in activity. unable to keep from falling asleep
affer/o-
bring toward the center
duct/o-
bring; move; a duct
fracture
broken bone due to accident, injury or disease. categorized on how the bone breaks. fractures that are allowed to heal without treatment often show malunion or malalignment of the fracture fragments. need closed reduction and manipulation to align the fracture pieces, application of a cast or surgery reduction and internal fixation using wires, pins, screws, or plates.
nondisplaced fracture
broken bones ends remain in their normal anatomical alignment
displaced fracture
broken ends are pulled out of their normal anatomical alignment
concuss/o-
bruising
contus/o-
bruising
bunion/o-
bunion
caus/o-
burning
burs/o-
bursa
calcane/o-
calcaneous(heel bone)
Ca
calcium
cali/o-
calyx
calic/o-
calyx
rhabdomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor in a muscle. this malignancy usually occurs in children and young adults. need surgical removal, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
testicular cancer
cancerous tumor of one of the testes. almost all of these arise from abnormal spermatocytes, not from other parts of the testes. aka seminoma.
cancer of prostate gland
cancerous tumor of the prostate gland. this malignancy is the most common cancer in men. there are few early symptoms or signs because the cancer grows slowly. later, cancer makes prostate feel hard or nodular on digital rectal examination.
renal cell cancer
cancerous tumor(carcinoma) that arises from tubules in the nephron. wilm's tumor is cancer of the kidney that occurs in kids from residual embryonic or fetal tissue; aka nephroblastoma.
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
conduct/o-
carrying; conveying
cartilagin/o-
cartilage
chondr/o-
cartilage
myopathy
category that includes many different diseases of the muscles
catheterization
catheter inserted through urethra into bladder to drain the urine. straight catheter inserted each time bladder is full or to obtain a single specimen fro testing. Foley catheter is an indwelling tube that drain urine continuously, had an expanded balloon tip to hold position in bladder. suprapubic catheter inserted htorgh abdomen wall and into bladder. sometimes after bladder or prostate gland surgery. a condom catheter is shaped like a condom. fits snuggly over penis and collects urine as it leaves urethral meatus. foley, suprapubic, and condom catheters are all collected to urine bags
stress fracture
caused by force or torsion during an accident or sports activity
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of a long bone. it contains yellow bone marrow(fatty tissue).
-cyte
cell
-clast
cell that breaks down substances
-cyte
cella-
interstitial cells
cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. they secrete testosterone when stimulated by luteinizing hormone(LH)
olidodendroglia
cells that form the myelin sheath around larger axons in the brain and spinal cord. these cells have few branching structures
Schwann cells
cells that form the myelin sheath around larger axons of the cranial and spinal nerves
neuroglia
cells that hold neurons in place and perform specialized tasks. they include astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendroglia, and Schwann cells
ependymal cells
cells that line the walls of the ventricles, spinal cavity, and the central canal within the spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid
mircoglia
cells that move, engulf, and destroy pathogens anywhere in the CNS
-glia
cells that provide support
ependym/o-
cellular lining
lumen
central open area throughout the length of a tube or duct(such as the seminiferous tubule, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, or urethra)
cerebell/o-
cerebellum(posterior part of brain)
CP
cerebral palsy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
cerebr/o-
cerebrum(largest part of the brain)
COTA
certified occupational therapy assistant
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae
ossificat/o-
changing into bone
buccinat/o-
cheek
other substances un urine
chemical compounds whose presence helps diagnose certain disease conditions. vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is seen in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, while 5-HIAA is seen in carcinoid syndrome
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger btwn a nerve cell and a muscle fiber
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that travels across the synapse between neurons
pector/o-
chest
masset/o-
chewing
carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS)
chronic caused by repetitive motions. tingling form inflammation and swelling of tendons that go through carpal tunnel of wrist bones. compressed median nerve
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and restriction of movement of the spine. non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
osteoarthritis (OA)
chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, particularly the large weight bearing joints(knees, hips) and joints that move repeatedly(shoulder, neck, hands). usually begins in middle age, but can develop sooner in a joint that has been overused or injured. joint pain and stiffness. inflammation from constant wear and tear, worsened is patient is overweight. normally smooth cartilage becomes rough and can wear away. bone ends rub against each other, causing additional inflammation and crepitus, a grinding sound. now bone sometimes forms abnormally as a osteophyte, a sharp bone spur that causes pain. OA aka degenerative joint disease(DJD). analgesic, non steroidal anti inflammatory, intraarticular injection of a corticosteroid drug.
multiple sclerosis(MS)
chronic progressive degenerative autoimmune where body makes antibodies against myelin. demyelination becomes scar tissue called plaque
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)
chronic progressive disease of motor nerves coming from spinal cord. muscle wasting and spasms, eventual paralysis including swallowing and respiratory muscles. no damage to sensory nerves to sensation and thinking remain intact. aka Lou Gehrig's disease
CRPS
chronic regional pain syndrome
CRF
chronic renal failure
parkinson's disease
chronic, degenerative disease due to imbalance in levels of neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain. muscle rigidity and tremors. later, difficult to move except with much effort. mask-like facial expression, shuffling gait, or inability to ambulate
clavicul/o-
clavicle(collar bone)
cleid/o-
clavicle(collar bone)
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid that is produced by the ependymal cells that line the ventricles within the brain and the canal within the spinal cord. it circulates through the ventricles, into the spinal canal, back to the brain, and through the subarachnoid space of the meninges. it cushions and protects the brains and contains glucose and other nutrients.
hyal/o-
clear, glasslike substance
phim/o-
closed tight
coccyg/o-
coccyx(tail bone)
cochle/o-
cochlea(of the inner ear)
quadriceps femoris
collective name for muscles in the anterior and lateral upper leg that straighten the lower leg(extension). it includes rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis m.
hamstrings
collective name for muscles in the posterior upper leg that move the upper leg posteriorly (extension) and bend the lower leg toward the buttocks(flexion). it includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus m.
24 hour creatinine clearance
collects urine for 24 hours to measure total amount of creatinine cleared by kidneys. result compared to level of creatinine in blood to determine kidney function.
col/o-
colon
express/o-
communicate
dia-
complete; completely through
CT, CAT
computed (axial) tomography
repetitive strain injury(RSI)
condition affecting the muscles, tendons, and sometimes the nerves. occurs as a result of trauma caused by repetitive movements over an extended period of time. includes tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. aka cumulative trauma disorder(CTD). need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug
muscle contusion
condition in which blunt trauma causes some bleeding int he muscle. aka bruise. need analgesic drug
-ency
condition of being
-osing
condition of making
-clonus
condition of rapid contracting and relaxing
-emia
condition of the blood; substance in the blood
-encephaly
condition of the brain
-collis
condition of the neck
avulsion
condition where muscle tears away from tendon or tendon tears away from the bone. need surgical repair:myorrhaphy or tenorrhapy
-esis
condition; abnorma condition; process
-osis
condition; abnorma condition; process
-esis
condition; abnormal condition; process
-osis
condition; abnormal condition; process
-ia
condition; state; thing
neural tube defect
congenital abnormality of the neural tube. fetus vertebra form incompletely(spine bifida) and there is an abnormal opening in vertebral column that s only covered by meninges and skin. a meningocele is a protrusion of the meninges through the skin. a meningomyelocele is a protrusion of the menginges and spinal cord through skin. with these can be hydrocephalus
epispadias
congenital condition in which female urethral meatus is in as abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral meatus is in an abnormal location on the upper surface of the shaft of the penis rather then at the top of the glans penis. hypospadias is when the male urethral meatus is on the underside of the shaft of the penis.
phimosis
congenital condition in which the opening of the foreskin is too small to allow the foreskin to pull back over the glans penis. this traps smegma(a white, cheesy discharge of skin cells and oil) and can cause infection
genu varum
congenital deformity in which knees are rotated laterally away from each other and lower legs are bent toward the midline. (aka bowleg)
genu valgum
congenital deformity in which knees are rotated toward the midline and are abnormally close together and lower legs are bent laterally. (aka knock-knee)
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled downward and toward the midline. (aka clubfoot). one or both feet can be affected. casts applied to progressively straighten foot or surgery if severe.
CDH
congenital dislocation of hip
pectus excavatum
congental deformity of the bony thorax in which the sternum, particularly xyphoid process, is bent inward, creating a hollow depression in anterior of chest. surgical correction if severe.
corpus callosum
connecting band of neurons between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum that allows them to communicate and coordinate their activities.
sarc/o-
connective tissue
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CCPD
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
stal/o-
contraction
tax/o-
coordination
tendon
cordlike, white band of nonelastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the bone
neohropexy
corrects kidney in abnormally low position by suturing into correct position.
cortic/o-
cortex
cortic/o-
cortex(outer region)
glossopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve IX. sensory and motor nerve. sense of taste for the back of the tongue. movement of the muscles for swallowing and the parotid salivary glands
abducens nerve
cranial nerve VI. motor nerve. movement of eye
facial nerve
cranial nerve VII. sensory and motor nerve. sense of taste for the front of the tongue. movement of the facial muscles and salivary and lacrimal glands
depressed fracture
cranium is fractured inward toward the brain
carni/o-
cranium(skull)
crani/o-
cranium(skull)
CPK-MM
creatine phosphokinase-MM
meniscus
crescent shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints such as the knee
cc
cubic centimeter (measure of volume)
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CTD
cumulative trauma disorder
acetabulum
cup shaped deep socket in the hip bone that is formed by the ilium and the pubic bone. it is where the head of the femur fits to make the hip joint.
scoli/o-
curved; crooked
tom/o-
cut; slice; layer
CMG
cystometrogram
nephrotic syndrome
damage to pores of capillaries of the glomerulus. allows large amounts of albumin(protein) to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood. this changes osmotic pressure of the blood and allows fluid to go into the tissues, producing edema in the extremities; fluid also goes into the abdominal cavity, producing ascites (a grossly enlarged, fluid distended abdomen).
necr/o-
dead cells, tissue, or body
necr/o-
dead cells, tissues, or body
avascular necrosis
death of cells in the epiphysis of a long bone, often the femur. caused by injury, fracture, or dislocation that damages nearby blood vessels or a blood clot that interrupts blood flow to the bone. surgery to remove dead bone then a bone graft, also joint replacement surgery maybe
oliguria
decreased production of urine due to kidney failure. dehydration can cause temporary oliguria
fissure
deep division that runs in an anterior-to-posterior direction through the cerebrum and divided it into right and left hemispheres
coma
deep state of unconsciousness or unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in brain, metabolic imbalance with accumulation of waste products in blood, or too little glucose in blood. can be temporary or permanent.
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
hallux valgus
deformity in which greatest toe is angled laterally toward the other toes. often a bunion develops at the base of the great toe with swelling and inflammation. common deformity in women who wear pointy-toed shoes. wide-toed shoes, or bunionectomy.
spondylolisthesis
degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly and slips out of proper alignment due to degeneration of the intervertebral disk. can also occur because of sports injury or a compression fracture of vertebra from osteoporosis. back brace or surgery to relieve pinched spinal nerve. analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. intra-articular injection of a corticosteroid drug.
leukocyte esterase
detects esterase, an enzyme associated with leukocytes(WBCs) and UTI. this dipstick test gives a quick result so an antibiotic drug can be started immediately. at the same time a urine sample is sent to C&S
prostate-specific antigen(PSA) (blood test)
determines a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland. PSA is increased in men with prostate cancer. the higher the level, the more advanced the cancer. the PSA level falls after successful treatment of cancer
hormone testing(blood test)
determines levels of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland and testosterone from the testes. used to diagnose infertility problems
troph/o-
development
glomerulonephritis
develops following an acute infection with streptococcal bacteria or viruses. the original infection, which is often a strep throat, causes the immune system to produce antibodies which combine with the bacteria or viruses to form antigen-antibody complexes that clog the pores of capillaries in the glomerulus. kidney becomes inflamed and urine production decreases.
diabet/o-
diabetes
dysuria
difficult or painful urination. can be due to many factors(kidney stone, cystitis, etc)
dyslexia
difficulty reading or writing words even though visual acuity and intelligence are normal. runs in families and more in left handed persons and males. cause is abnormality in occipital lobe that interprets moving images
digit/o-
digit(finger or toe)
DRE
digital rectal exam
-pathy
disease
path/o-
disease
arthropathy
disease of a joint form any cause
disk/o-
disk
intervertebral disk
disk btwn two vertebrae. it consists of an outer wall of fibrocartilage and an inner gelatinous substance, the nucleus pulpous, that acts as a cushion.
dislocation
displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position within a joint. usually caused by injury or trauma. congenital dislocation of the hip(CDH) is present at birth because the acetabulum is poorly formed or ligaments are loose. manipulate and return bone to correct position. CDH treated with splint or with surgery to correct the shape of acetabulum or looseness of ligaments.
cerebrovascular accident(CVA)
disruption or blockage of blood flow to brain, which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct. aka stroke or brain attack. a CVA on the right side of brain affects the right side and vice versa
-lyte
dissolved substances
DIP
distal interphalangeal(joint)
Colles' fracture
distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand
sympathetic division
division of ANS. its neurotransmitter is norepinephrine. it directs the activity of the heart, involuntary muscles, and glands during times of increased activity. during danger or stress(fight or flight), it stimulates the adrenal gland to release the hormone epinephrine into the blood.
somatic nervous system
division of PNS that controls the movements of voluntary skeletal muscles
peripheral nervous system
division of nervous system that includes cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
parasympathetic division
division of the ANS. its neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. it directs the activity of the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands when the body is at rest.
central nervous system
division of the central nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord
autonomic nervous system
division of the peripheral nervous system that carries nerve impulses to the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands. it includes the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division
cranium
domelike bone at the top of the head that contains the cranial cavity and the brain and other structures.
volunt/o-
done of one's own free will
kidneys, ureters, bladder(KUB) x-ray
done without contrast dye, used to find kidney stones or as a preliminary X-ray(scout film) before performing intravenous pyelography
chordee
downward curvature of the penis during erection. caused by constricting, cordlike band of tissue along the underside of the penis. a congenital abnormality that is often associated with hypospadias
DEXA/DXA
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
ejaculatory duct
duct that collects semen from the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles and empties into the urethra during ejaculation
dur/o-
dura mater
erection
during sexual arousal, erectile tissue in the penis fills with blood, causing the penis to become firm and erect
testes
egg-shaped gland in each side of the scrotum. aka testicle. contains interstitial cells that secrete testosterone and seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa.
carpal bones
eight small bones of the wrist joint
premature ejaculation
ejaculation of semen that often occurs with minimal stimulation and before the penis becomes fully erect to penetrate the vagina. this lessens the enjoyment of sexual intercourse and decreases the chances of conception. it can be caused by hormone imbalance but more often caused by stress or a psychologic reason.
electr/o-
electricity
EMG
electromyography
END
electroneurodiagnostic (technician)
ESRD
end stage renal disease
hydronephrosis
enlargement of kidney. due to pressure for urine that is backed up in the ureter bc of obstructing stone or structure. in caliectasis, the calicoes of the kidney are enlarged. in hydrometer, only the ureter is enlarged.
gynecomastia
enlargement of male breast. caused by imbalance of testosterone and estradiol because of puberty, aging, surgical removal of testes, or female hormone drug treatment for prostate cancer. need androgen drug or plastic surgery
epi
epithelial cell(in urine specimen) slang
ED
erectile dysfuntion
RBCs
even clear urine can contain occult(hidden) RBCs. if urine has visible blood then the urine is reported as TNTC(too numerous to count), menstrual blood can give false positive
scop/o-
examine with an instrument
hydrocephalus
excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced or flow of it is blocked. intracranial pressure increases, distends ventricles, and compresses brain tissues. most often associated with congenital conditions of meningocele or myeloeningocele, although can occur in adults when fluid not absorbed back into blood. untreated enlarges head and causes mental retardation.
polyuria
excessive production of urine due to diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
oligospermia
fewer than the normal number of spermatozoa are produced by the testes. most common cause of male infertility. caused by hormone imbalance or an undescended testis.
fibr/o-
fiber
ligament
fibrous bands that hold two bone ends together in a synovial joint
fibul/o-
fibula(lower leg bone)
perone/o-
fibula(lower leg bone)
filtr/o-
filter
filtrat/o-
filtering; straining
costal cartilage
firm, but flexible segments of connective tissue that join the ribs to the sternum. the area where the costal cartilage meets the rib is the costochondral joint
S1
first sacral vertebra
metacarpal bones
five bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger. they are distal to the carpal bones and proximal to the phalanges
metatarsal bones
five bones of the mid foot, one corresponding to each toe. distal to ankle bones and proximal to phalanges.
flexor hallucis brevis m.
flexes the big toe(hallux)
-rrhea
flow; discharge
semen
fluid expelled from the penis during ejaculation. semen contains spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, and mucus from the bulbourethral glands
FSH
follicle simulating hormone
ulna
forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm. the olecranon(point of the elbow) is a large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna.
radius
forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm
prepuce
foreskin of the penis that covers the urethral meatus in an uncircumcised penis.
amnes/o-
forgetfulness
vesicovaginal fistula
formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina. urine flows form the bladder into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body
quadri-
four
Fx
fracture
pathologic fracture
fracture caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis , bone cancer, or metastasis to the bone
front/o-
front
ventr/o-
front; abdomen
-ose
full of
ankyl/o-
fused together; stiff
ganglion/o-
ganglion
nephropathy
general word fro any disease of the kidney. diabetic nephropathy involves progressive damage to the glomeruli bc diabetes mellitus. tiny arteries of glomerulus harden(glomerulosclerosis) be accelerated arteriosclerosis throughout the body.
muscular dystrophy
genetic inherited disease due to a mutation of the gene that makes the muscle protein dystrophin. without dystrophin, the muscles weaken and then atrophy. it begins in early childhood with weakness in the lower extremities and the the upper extremities. most common and most severe form is duchenne's muscular dystrophy; becker's muscular dystrophy is a milder form. weakness of the diaphragm with the inability to breathe is the most frequent cause of death. need supportive care
genit/o-
genitalia
GU
genitourinary gonococcal urethritis
GU
gentiourinary
habilitat/o-
give ability
seminal vesicles
glands along the posterior wall of the bladder that secrete seminal fluid, a source of energy for the spermatozoa and the main fluid of the semen
balan/o-
glans penis
glomerul/o-
glomerulus
glycos/o-
glucose
glycosuria
glucose in the urine. this is an indication of an elevated blood sugar level, as seen in diabetes mellitus.
effer/o-
go out from the center
GC
gonococcus
inguin/o-
groin
sulcus
groove bwtn two gyro on the surface of the cerebrum
sacrum
group of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae
thenar m.
group of m in the hand that bend the thumb(flexion) and moves it toward the palm(adduction)
cauda equina
group of nerve roots the begin where the spinal cord ends and continue inferiorly within the spinal cavity. they look like that tail(cauda) of a horse(equina)
coccyx
group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum. aka tail bone
musculature
group of skeletal muscles in one body part or the muscles in the body as a whole
dorsal nerve roots
group of spinal nerve roots that enter the posterior (dorsal) part of the spinal cord and carry sensory nerve impulses form the body to the spinal cord
ventral nerve roots
group of spinal nerve roots that exit from the anterior (ventral) part of the spinal cord and carry motor nerve impulses to the body
puber/o-
growing up
-phyte
growth
polycystic kidney disease
hereditary disease with cysts in kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons, causing kidney failure. early stage of this progressive disease shows few symptoms or signs; often it is not detected until hypertension and already enlarged kidneys are found during a physical examination.
down syndrome
hereditary genetic defect in which there are three of chromosome 21. it affects every cell in the body, most obviously shown is mild-to-severe mental retardation, large protruding tongue, short fingers, and single transverse crease on palm of the hand
neurofibromatosis
hereditary with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow on peripheral nerves. aka von recklinghausen's disease
-cele
hernia
herni/o-
hernia
cystocele
hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or the rectum. this causes retention of urine that is in the bulge of the hernia. aka vesicocele.
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
crypt/o-
hidden
hpf
high-power field
hil/o-
hilum
contin/o-
hold together
punct/o-
hole; perforation
cranial cavity
hollow cavity inside the cranium that contains the brain
spinal cavity
hollow cavity within each vertebra. it contains the spinal cord. aka spinal canal
cav/o-
hollow space
HoLAP
holmium laser ablation of the prostate
luteinizing hormone (LH)
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. it causes the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. it causes the seminiferous tubules of the testes to enlarge during puberty and spermatocytes in the testes to begin dividing
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HPV
human papillovirus
humer/o-
humerus(upper arm)
HCTZ
hydrochlorothiazide (drug)
absence (petit mal)
impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity. muscle tone is retained and patient does not fall down, but is unable to respond to external stimuli. vacant staring, repetitive blinking, or facial tics. lasts 5-15 seconds then patient resumes activities unaware of seizure. can have many of these throughout the day
penile implant
implantation of inflatable penile prosthesis for patients with ED
vasectomy
in male to prevent pregnancy in females. small incision at base of scrotum, both vas deferens are divided,a length of each tube is removed, and the cut ends are sutured and crushed or destroyed by the testes, but are absorbed back into the body. a vasovasoectomy is a reversal vasectomy. the cut ends of vas deferens are rejoined so sperm are again present in ejaculate and can impregnate a woman
in-
in; without; not
erectile dysfunction(ED)
inability to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis. it can be caused by the hypertension, arteriosclerosis that blocks blood flow into the penis, neurologic disease (like spinal cord injury) that impairs sensory stimuli and nerve transmission, diabetes mellitus, a low level of testosterone, smoking, alcoholism, the side effects of certain drugs, or psychologic factors. aka impotence.
urinary retention
inability to empty the bladder bc of an obstruction(enlargement of prostate gland, kidney stone), nerve damage, or a side effect of certain drugs. even when bladder contracts, a large amount of postvoid residual urine remains in the bladder.
hesitancy
inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. theres dribbling, and urinary stream has decreased caliber. volume of urine passed is less, and residual urine may remain in the bladder. can be caused by blockage
receptive aphasia
inability to understand written or spoken word
expressive aphasia
inability to verbally express thoughts
contracture
inactivity or paralysis coupled with continuous nerve impulses can cause arm or leg muscle to become progressively flexed and drawn into a position where it becomes nearly immovable. need rang of motion(ROM) exercises and frequent repositioning
ataxia
incoordination of the muscles during movement, particularly incoordination of the gait. caused by disease of the brain or spinal cord, cerebral palsy, or an adverse reaction to a drug. the patient is ataxic. can use leg braces or crutches if needed.
hypertrophy
increase in the size of the muscle
nocturia
increased frequency and urgency or urination during the night. can be due to cystitis, enlarged prostate, or decreased capacity of bladder in older adults. expressed as the number of times the patient voids each night
autonom/o-
independent; self-governing
STD
infectious disease that is contracted during sexual intercourse with an infected individual. a positive test for an STD means that the patient and all sexual partners need to be treated. STDs can also be passed to a fetus(in uterus or as travels through birth canal), causing serious illness, blindness, and even death. aka venereal disease(VD)
neuritis
inflam or infect of nerve. poltyneuritis, many nerves
encephalitis
inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus. herpes simplex virus most common cause, but also herpes zoster virus, west nile, cytomegalovirus. there fever, headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, irritability and photophobia
epididymitis
inflammation and infection of the epididymus. it is caused by a bacterial UTI or STD such as gonorrhea or chlamydia
meningitis
inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterium or virus. fever, headache, nuchal rigidity(stiff neck with pain and inability to touch chin to chest), lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and sensitivity to light.
tenosynovitis
inflammation and pain due to overuse of a tendon and inability of the synovium to produce enough lubricating fluid. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tennis elbow
inflammation and pain of the extensor and supinator muscles where their tendons originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus(by the elbow joint). overuse injury caused by repeated extension and supination of the wrist. aka lateral epicondylitis. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pitcher's elbow
inflammation and pain of the flexor and pronator muscles of the forearm where their tendons originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus(by the elbow joint). this is an overuse injury caused by repeated flexing of the wrist while the fingers tightly grasp. aka golfer's elbow or medial epicondylitis. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
myositis
inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness. can be caused by injury or strain. polymyositis is a chronic, progressive disease that causes widespread inflammation of muscles with weakness and fatigue. cause unknown although may be an autoimmune disorder. dermatomyositis causes a skin rash as well as muscle weakness and inflammation. need: analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, corticosteroid drug
tendinitis
inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bursitis
inflammation of the burial sac because of repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath bursa. can occur with any joint that has a bursa, but most often occurs in shoulders and knees. prolonged periods of kneeling cause bursitis known as housemaids knee. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug
fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia around a muscle. plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the foot that is caused by excessive running or exercise. there is aching or stabbing pain around the heel.most common cause of heel pain. need: analgesic drug, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, injection into the fascia of a corticosteroid drug
-itis
inflammation of; infection of
balanitis
inflammation or infection of glans penis caused by bacterium, virus, yeast, or fungus. often associated with phimosis and inadequate hygiene of the prepuce
orchitis
inflammation or infection of testes. caused by bacteria. the mumps, virus, or trauma.
urethritis
inflammation or infection of urethra. gonococcal urethritis is a symptom of the STD gonorrhea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nongonococcal urethritis is STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. nonspecific urethritis is an inflammation or infection of the urethra from bacteria, chemicals, or trauma; not an STD
hyperextension-hyperflexion injury
injury that occurs during a car accident as a person's head snaps forward and then backward in response to the car's changing speed. this causes a muscle strain or muscle tear, as well as damage to the nerves. aka acceleration-decceleration injury or whiplash. need soft cervical collar to support the neck, rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
endo-
innermost; within
inject/o-
insert; put in
ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
inserts a plastic tube to connect the ventricles of the brain to the peritoneal cavity. the shunt continuously removes the excess CSF associated with hydrocephalus.
intern/o-
inside
-tome
instrument used to cut; area with distinct edges
-scope
instrument used to examine
-meter
instrument used to measure
I&O
intake and output
malign/o-
intentionally causing harm; cancer
ICP
intracanial pressure
IM
intramuscular
perine/o-
perineum
reflex
involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord. in response to sudden pain or muscle stretch, the spinal cord immediately sends a command to move. all of this takes place without conscious thought to processing by the brain. the entire circuit that the nerve impulse travels is also known as the reflex arc.
enuresis
involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control. nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination during sleep. laypersons call this childhood bedwetting.
smooth muscle
involuntary, non striated muscles. the form a continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures(blood vessels, bronchi, intestines, etc)
brain death
irreversible loss of all brain function as confirmed by an EEG that is flat, showing no brain activity of any kind for 30 minutes
ischi/o-
ischium(hip bone)
arthr/o-
joint
articul/o-
joint
suture
joint where one cranial bone meets another. Examples: coronal suture, sagittal suture.
isch/o-
keep back; block
ketonuria
ketone bodies in urine. ketones are waste products produced when fat is metabolized. seen in diabetes mellitus who metabolize fat for energy bc can't metabolize glucose. also in malnourished patients who don't have enough glucose in the blood.
ren/o-
kidney
nephrolithiasis
kidney stone or calculus formation in the urinary system. kidney stones can vary in size from microscopic(like sand or gravel size) to large enough to block the ureter or fill renal pelvis. kidney stones composed of magnesium, calcium, or uric acid crystals. calculogenesis or lithogenesis is the process of forming stones. renal colic is a spasm of smooth muscle of the ureter or bladder as kidney stones jagged edges scrape the mucosa. causing severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, and hematuria. many stones reach bladder and are eliminated from the body with urine. stones that dot pass spontaneously can be destroyed by lithotripsy.
nephr/o-
kidney; nephron
KUB
kidneys, ureters, bladder
asthen/o-
lack of strength
defici/o-
lacking; inadequate
lamin/o-
lamina(flat area on a vertebra)
lobe
large area of the cerebrum. each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that is above it: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
prostate gland
large donut shaped gland at the base of the bladder. it surrounds the first part of the urethra and produces prostatic fluid that becomes part of semen.
sphenoid bone
large, irregular bone that forms the central base of the cranium and the posterior walls of the eye sockets. it contains the sphenoid sinuses. a bony cup in the sphenoid bone holds the pituitary gland.
tibia
large, weight bearing bone of the lower leg located on the greatest toe side. aka skin bone
calcaneus
largest of the ankle bones. aka heel bone
brain
largest organ of the nervous system. it is part of CNS and is located in the cranial cavity.
cancell/o-
lattice structure
lev/o-
left
LLE
left lower extremity
LUE
left upper ext
-cnemius
leg
LH
leutinizing hormone
bi/o-
life; living organisms; living tissue
ligament/o-
ligament
phot/o-
light
appendicul/o-
limb; small attached part
dysphasia
limited impairment with some difficulty speaking or understanding words
temporal lobe
lobe of cerebrum that analyses sensory information. it contains the auditory cortex for the sense of hearing and the olfactory carted for the sense of smell
frontal lobe
lobe of the cerebrum that predicts future events and consequences. exerts conscious control over the skeletal muscles. contains the gustatory cortex for the sense of taste.
parietal lobe
lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyses sensory information about temperature, touch, vibration, and pain form the skin, joints, and muscles
occipital lobe
lobe of the cerebrum that receives and analyses sensory information from the eyes. contains the visual cortex for the sense of light.
hematoma
localized collection of blood that forms in brain because of trauma to the cranium or the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or an AVM. an intraventricular hematoma occur in one of ventricles. subdural hematoma forms under the dura mater
gluteus maximus
location: buttocks size: large
brachioradialis
location: radial bone in the arm
aphasia
loss of ability to communicate verbally or in writing. can be from head trauma, stroke or alzheimers when there is injury to brain areas with language and interpretation of sounds and symbols.
LOC
loss of consciousness
atrophy
loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles. caused by lack of use or malnutrition, or if part of the body is paralyzed because muscles receive no electrical impulses from the nerves. muscle is atrophic. aka muscle wasting.
lumb/o-
lower back; area btwn ribs and pelvis
LP
lumbar puncture
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
supinat/o-
lying on the back
lymph/o-
lymph; lymphatic system
continuously cycling peritoneal dialysis(CCPD)
machine inserts and removes dialysate fluid several times a night while patient sleeps
magnet/o-
magnet
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
micturi/o-
making urine
genital organs
male internal and external genitalia
astrocytoma
malignant brain tumor, originating in astrocyte in cerebrum
glioblastoma multiforme
malignant from immature astrocyte in cerebrum
lymphoma
malignant from microglia in cerebrum
oligodendroglioma
malignant from oligodendroglia in cerebrum
mandibul/o-
mandible(lower jaw)
poly-
many; much
maxill/o-
maxilla(upper jaw)
specific gravity (SG)
measurement of concentration of urine as compared to that of water. dilute urine has SG of 1.005 while concentrated urine is 1.030. above 1.030 means patient is dehydrated. instruments include urinometer or refractometer
creatinine
measures the amount of creatinine. used to monitor kidney function and progression of kidney disease. creatinine with the BUN gives a comprehensive picture of kidney function.
blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
measures the amount of urea. uses to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease or to watch for signs of nephrotoxicity in patients taking amino glycoside antibiotic drugs
medull/o-
medulla(inner region)
mening/o-
meninges
meningi/o-
meninges
gout
metabolic disorder most often in men. high level of uric acid in the blood. acute attack often causes sudden, severe pain after uric acid moves form blood into soft tissues and forms crystals known as tophi. tophi in the joints causes gouty arthritis. avoid foods that increase uric acid level. drug to decrease level.
MCP
metacarpophalangeal joint
semen analysis
microscopic analysis of spermatozoa. done as part of a workup for infertility. after not ejaculating for 36 hours, man gives a semen specimen. a normal sperm count is greater than 50 million/mL. the motility(forward movement) and morphology of the sperm are evaluated. also done after a vasectomy to verify aspermia and successful sterilization
pons
middle part of the brainstem that relays nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum. the motor proteins of cranial nerves V through VII begin here. the sensory portions of cranial nerves V through VII end here.
mL
mililiter (measure of volume)
psych/o-
mind
ment/o-
mind; chin
mineral/o-
mineral; electrolyte
testosterone
most abundant and most biologically active of the male sex hormones secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes. is causes the male sexual characteristics to develop and spermatozoa to mature
ischium
most inferior hip bone. each ischium is one of the "seat bones"
brain stem
most inferior part of the brain that joins with the spinal cord. it is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
medulla oblongata
most inferior part of the brainstem that joins to the spinal cord. it relays nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. it contains the respiratory centers. the motor portions of the cranial nerves IX through XII begin here. the sensory portions of cranial nerves IX and X end here.
ilium
most superior hip bone. it has a broad, flaring iliac crest. posteriorly each ilium joins the sacrum. the ilium contains the acetabulum, the deep socket of the hip joint.
midbrain
most superior part of the brainstem. it keeps the mind conscious, coordinates immediate response, and maintains muscle tone and body position. it contains the substantia nigra. cranial nerves III and IV begin here.
transplant/o-
move something to another place
kines/o-
movement
mobil/o-
movement
mot/o-
movement
motil/o-
movement
rotation
moving a body part around its axis. a rotator is a muscle that produces rotation when it contracts.
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body. an abductor is a muscle that produces abduction when it contracts.
adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body. an adductor is a muscle that produces adduction when it contracts.
mucos/o-
mucous membrane
Babinski's sign
neurologic test in which the end of the metal handle of a percussion hammer is used to firmly stroke the lateral sole of the foot form the heel to the toes. a normal test(negative Babinski) produces a downward curling of the toes. an abnormal test(positive Babinski) produces extension of the great toe and fanning out of the other toes. a positive test indicates injury to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum or to the spinal nerves.
endorphins
neuromodulators that are one of several natural pain relievers produced by the brain
serotonin
neurotransmitter in synapses between neurons in the limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord
dopamine
neurotransmitter in synapses btwn neurons in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system in the brain. produced by the substantia nigra of the midbrain
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter in synapses btwn neurons of the parasympathetic division. it is also in synapses btwn motor neurons and voluntary skeletal muscles in somatic nervous system
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter of the sympathetic division
epinephrine
neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal gland and released into the blood. it stimulates the body to prepare for "fight or flight"
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that initiates a muscle contraction
newborn genital exam
newborns external male genitalia examined for sign of abnormal positioning or urethral meatus(epispadias, hypospadias), ambiguous genitalia, or undescended testes
noct/o-
night
simple partial (focal motor)
no impairment of consciousness. patient is aware of seizure but unable to stop involuntary motor activity, such as jerking of hand or turning of head. can be sensory hallucinations. lasts 1-2 minutes
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti inflammatory
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
color
normal urine is light yellow to amber in color, depending on its concentration. pink or smokey colored urine indicates RBCs from bleeding in UT. Turbid(cloudy or milky) urine indicates WBCs and UTI. urinary analgesic drug phenazopyridine turns urine bright orange
nas/o-
nose
non-
not
rigor mortis
not a muscle disease of the living, but rather a normal condition of the muscles that occurs several hours after death. as each muscle fiber dies, its stored calcium is released and this causes the muscle fiber and then each muscle of the body to contract. muscle fiber is no longer able to pump calcium ions back to the storage site, and so muscles remain contracted for about 72 hours until the muscle fibers begin to decompose. aka postmortem rigidity
ketones
not normally found in urine, when body can't use or doesn't have enough glucose and metabolized fat instead
glucose
not normally found in urine. presence indicated uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
bone scintigraphy
nuclear medicine procedure in which a phosphate compound is tagged with a radioactive tracer technetium-99m. this is injected intravenously and is taken up into the bone. a gamma scintillation camera detects gamma rays from the tracer. areas of increased uptake("hot spots") indicate arthritis, fracture, osteomyelitis, cancerous tumors of the bone, or areas of bony metastasis. called a scintigram.
Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)
numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma. total score ranges from 1-15 and is the sum of individual scores fro eye opening, motor response, and verbal response following a painful stimulus(such as pressure on the nailed or on the bony ridge over the eye). for example, if a patient opens his eyes to a verbal command, has confused answers, and withdraws from the painful stimulus, his GCS would be Eyes(3)+Verbal(4)+Motor(4)=11
occipit/o-
occiput(back of head)
occipit/o-
occiput(back of the head)
OSHA
occupational safety and health administration
OT
occupational therapy or occupational therapist
hemi-
one half
hemisphere
one half of the cerebrum. the right side recognizes patterns and 3D structures(including faces) and the emotions of words. the left side deals with mathematical and logical reasoning, analysis, and interpreting sights, sounds, and sensations. the left side is active in reading, writing, and speaking
micr/o-
one millionth; small
muscle fiber
one muscle cell. so named because it stretches over a long distance.
gyrus
one of many elevated folds on the surface of the cerebrum. in btwn each gyrus is a sulcus(narrow groove)
ventricle
one of the four hollow chambers in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid. the two lateral ventricles are in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum. the small third ventricle is between the two lobes of the thalamus. the long narrow fourth ventricle connects to the spinal cavity
phalanx
one of the individual bones of the finger or toe. a finger or a toe is a digit or a ray.
epiphysis
one of the two widened ends of a long bone. it contains the epiphyseal plate where bone growth takes place.
skeletal muscle
one of three types of muscles in the body, but the only one that is under voluntary control. these muscles contract and relax in response to conscious thought. they are striated, have multiple nuclei, and show bands of color when seen under a microscope.
ORIF
open reduction and internal fixation
surg/o-
operative procedure
penis
organ of erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal. the glans penis is the rounded area on top of the shaft of the penis. the corpora cavernosa are two columns of tissue along the upper surface of the penis. the corpus spongiosum is a column of tissue in the underside of the penis. the urethra travels through the corpus spongiosum
rectus abdominis
orientation: straight up and down(rectus) location: abdomen
prosthesis
orthopedic device such as an artificial leg for a patient with an amputation of a limb. known as a prosthetic device. an implanted artificial joint is also a prosthetic device.
orthosis
orthopedic device such as brace, splint, or collar thats used to immobilize a body part and keep straight or correct orthopedic problem. often custom fitted
ortho
orthopedics(slang)
OA
osteoarthritis
bone tumor
osteoma is a benign tumor of the bone. osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor in which osteoblasts multiply uncontrollably(aka osteogenic sarcoma). Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that occurs mainly in young men. surgical removal of tumor. amputation of limb followed by radiation or chemo for malignant.
all/o-
other;strange
OOB
out of bed
peripher/o-
outer aspects
PET
positron emission tomography
muscle strain
over stretching of a muscle, often due to physical overexertion. causes inflammation, pain, swelling, and bruising as capillaries in the muscle tear. aka pulled muscle. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
sprain
overstretching or tearing of a ligament around a joint. rest or surgery
alg/o-
pain
neuralgia
pain along path of nerve and its branches cause by injury. trigeminal neuralgia(tic douloureux) brief but severe pain on one or both sides or face or jaw. causalgia is severe burning pain along nerve and branches. complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS) causalgia with hyperesthesia
shin splits
pain and inflammation of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the anterior lower leg over the tibia(shin bone). it is an overuse injury common to athletes who run. need rest, analgesic drug, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
myalgia
pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease. polymyalgia is pain in several muscle groups. need analgesic drug, massage
cephalalgia
pain in the head. aka headache. can be caused by eyestrain, muscle tension in face or neck, generalized infections such as flu, migraine headaches, sinus infections, hypertension, or more seriously head trauma, meningitis, or brain tumors
arthralgia
pain in the joint from injury, inflammation, or infection
fibromyalgia
pain located at specific, hyper irritable trigger points in the muscle of the neck, back, or hips. the trigger points are tender to the touch and feel firm. cause not known, but may be related to an overreaction to painful stimuli with a possible history of prior injury or a genetic predisposition. associated with disturbed sleep patterns ad sometimes depression. need analgesic drug, muscle relaxant drug, massage, and trigger point injections with a local anesthetic drug
muscle spasm
painful but temporary condition with a sudden, severe, involuntary contraction of a muscle, often in the legs. it can be brought on by overexercise. aka muscle cramp. torticollis is a painful spasm of muscles on one side of the neck. aka wryneck. need massage, muscle relaxant drug, analgesic drug
dys-
painful; difficult; abnormal
palat/o-
palate
digital rectal exam (DRE)
palpation of prostate gland. a gloved finger inserted into the rectum is used to feel the prostate gland for signs of tenderness, nodules, hardness, or enlargement. should be done yearly in mean over 40
testicular self exam (TSE)
palpation of testes and scrotum to detect lumps, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes. TSE should be done monthly to detect early signs of testicular cancer.
pleg/o-
paralysis
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of body
spinal cord
part of CNS. begins at medulla oblongata of the brain and extends down the back within the spinal cavity. it ends at lumber vertebra L2 and separates into nerve roots(cauda equina)
axon
part of the neuron that is a single elongated branch at the opposite end from the dendrites. it conducts the electrical impulse and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. larger axons are covered by an insulating layer of myelin
spinal cord injury(SCI)
partial or complete transaction of cord. interrupts nerve impulses causing partial or complete anesthesia and paralysis. injury to lower spinal cord causes paraplegia. to upper spinal cord causes quadriplegia. without impulse muscles atrophy known as flaccid paralysis. spastic paralysis, reflex arc intact spinal cord below injury can send nerve impulses causing muscles to spasm.
amnesia
partial or total loss of memory of recent or remote experiences. often from brain injury or stroke that damages hippocampus where short term memories are converted to long term memories
inguinal canal
passageway in the groin area through which the testes travel as they descend from the pelvic cavity to the scrotum. the open inguinal canal should close around the spermatic cord sometime before age 2
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD)
pateint is able to walk around between the 3-4 daily episodes of dialysis
patell/o-
patella(kneecap)
chlamydia
pathogen: chlamydia trachomatis, a gram negative coccus bacterium symptoms: men:painful urination with burning and itching, thin watery discharge fro urethra, some none women:frequently no symptoms or slight vaginal discharge diagnosis: smear of discharge form urethra(men) or cervix(women) is stained and examined under microscope treament:oral antibiotic also, most common STD; aka nongonococcal urethritis
genital herpes
pathogen: herpes simplex virus(HSV), type 2 symptoms:men: vesicular lesions(blisters) on penis, scrotum, perineum, or anus. when blisters break they become skin ulcers. may be flu like symptoms or none women: same but on vulva, perineum, anus, vagina diagnosis: culture growth from swab of a lesion, polymerase chain reaction test treatment:topical and oral antiviral drugs shorten the duration of each outbreak
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
pathogen: human immunodeficiency(HIV), a retrovirus symptoms: M/F fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue disgnosis: blood test or saliva screening test treatment: oral antiretroviral drugs taken in combo also treatment can only slow progress of disease, there is no cure
genital warts(condylomata acuminata)
pathogen: human papillomavirus(HPV) certain strains cause genital warts, others cause dysplasia of cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer in women. symptoms:men: itching, flesh-colored, irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower like women:same with vaginal discharge diagnosis: visual exam of skin in genital area. in woman a pap smear of cervix is examined under microscope treatment: topical chemicals or cryosurgery, or laser removal aka venereal warts
gonorrhea
pathogen: neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram negative diplococcus(double sphere) bacterium. aka gonococcus(GC) symptoms:men: painful urination, thick yellow discharge from urethra, some no symptoms women: painful urination, thick yellow vaginal discharge, half of infected no symptoms diagnosis: gram stain of smear of discharge shows characteristic gram negative intercellular diplococci treatment: oral antibiotic also, laypersons call this the clap because of a similar sounding french word that means house of prostitution
syphilis
pathogen: treponema pallidum,a spirochete bacterium symptoms: men:single, painless chancre(lesion that ulcerates, crusts, then heals) on penis. later is fever, rash, etc that mimics other diseases women:same with chancre on female genitalia diagnosis: fluid form lesion viewed with special illumination under dark-field microscopy shows spiral bacterium treament:oral antibiotic also, aka lues
trichomoniasis
pathogen: trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan with a flagellum symptoms: Men: almost none women: greenish-yellow frothy or bubbly vaginal discharge with a foul odor. itching of vulva and vagina diagnosis: wet mount prep of discharge and culture treatment: oral antiprotozoal drug
visual evoked potential(VEP) or visual evoked response(VER)
patient watches TV monitor that displays rapidly alternating checkerboard patterns. this evaluates nerve pathways from eye to cerebrum.
pelv/o-
pelvis(hip bone; renal pelvis)
pen/o-
penis
puberty
period of time when FSH and LH form the anterior pituitary gland first began to stimulate the testes. testosterone causes the male sexual characteristics to develop, and there is a growth spurt. aka adolescence
peritone/o-
peritoneum
peritoneal dialysis
permanent catheter inserted through abdomen wall. dialysate fluid flows into abdominal cavity and remains for several hours where pulls waste from blood, then fluid removed along with waste.
priap/o-
persistant erection
-ee
person who is the subject of action
-er
person who produces or does; thing that produces
-or
person who produces or does; thing that produces
-al
pertaining to
-alis
pertaining to
-ant
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-aris
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-ative
pertaining to
-eal
pertaining to
-ed
pertaining to
-ent
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ile
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
-ive
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-tic
pertaining to
-ual
pertaining to
-ated
pertaining to a condition; composed of
phalang/o-
phalanx(finger or toe)
pharyng/o-
pharynx(throat)
P
phosphorus
PVP
photoselective vaporization of prostate
PM&R
physical medicine and rehabilitation
PT
physical therapy or physical therapist
rehabilitation exercises
physical therapy that includes exercises to increase muscle strength and improve coordination and balance. it is prescribed as part of a rehabilitation plan. in active exercise, the patient exercises without assistance. passive exercise, a physical therapist or nurse performs range of motion(ROM) exercises for a patient who is an able to move. this does not build muscles strength, but it does decrease stiffness and spasticity and prevent contractures.
skull xray
plain film taken of skull, with no dye. can show fractures of the bones of the skull but cannot clearly show the soft tissues of the brain or blood vessels.
foc/o-
point of activity
scint/i-
point of light
acid phosphatase (semen test)
presence in vagina and indicates sex has occurred because semen contains acid phosphatase. used in rape investigations
albuminuria
presence of albumin in the urine. aka proteinuria. normally there is no protein in the urine bc albumin molecules are too large to pass through pores in capillaries in glomerulus; but with kidney disease albumin passes through damaged pores and is excreted in the urine. its an important first sign of kidney disease. also present in pregnant women who are developing preeclampsia.
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine. morally urine is sterile. bacteria indicate that infection somewhere in urinary tract. must be collected properly though.
congenit/o-
present at birth
depress/o-
press down
compress/o-
press together
ton/o-
pressure; tone
cast
procedure in which a cast of plaster or fiberglass is applied around a fractured bone and adjacent areas to immobilize fracture to facilitate healing. for fracture in leg, doctor may order non weight bearing, toe touch, or full weight bearing with a walking cast. used with crutches.
tempor/o-
temple(side of the head)
evoked potential testing
procedure in which as EEG is used to record changes in the brain waves that occur following various stimuli. used to evaluate potential ability of a particular nervous pathway to conduct nerve impulses. a stimulus is presented to evoke(stimulate) a response, and this procedure is also called evoked response testing. these tests are particularly helpful with young or unable to respond to standard vision and hearing tests. used to detect subtle abnormalities in patients with MS, head trauma, or spinal cord injury. patient cannot voluntarily alter results of these tests.
edrophonium test
procedure in which the drug edrophonium is given to confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. the drug blocks the enzyme that breaks down acteylcholine, and patient with myasthenia gravis show temporary increased muscle strength during the test
-rrhaphy
procedure of suturing
cystometry
procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder. a catheter is used to inflate the bladder with liquid or gas. a cystometer attached to catheter measures the amount of liquid and the pressure in the bladder. at the time, the cystometer makes a graphic recording known as a cystometrogram(CMG)
bone density tests (bone densitometry)
procedure that measures the bone mineral density(BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred. heel or wrist bone can be tested but hip and spine give more accurate results. to types of tests.(standard X-ray not used because can only see loss after 30% bone density loss)
cartilage transplantation
procedure that replaces damaged cartilage as an alternative to total knee replacement. used to treat middle aged adults(as opposed to older adults) with degenerative joint disease of the knee who are active
ProstaScint scan
procedure that uses ProstaScint to detect areas of metastasis from a primary site of prostate cancer. its a combo of radioactive tracer(indium-111) and a monoclonal antibody that binds to receptors on cancer cells in the prostate gland and elsewhere in the body. the radioactive tracer emits gamma rays that are detected by a gamma scintillation camera and made into an image
xray
procedure that uses X-rays to diagnose bony abnormalities in any part of the body. primary means for diagnosing fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors.
arthrography
procedure that uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is injected into a joint. coats and outlines bone ends and joint capsule. X-ray or CT taken. MRI orthography uses strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of a patients body that emit signals to form thin, successive images or slices of the joint. MRI can be done with or without contrast dye. the X-ray, CT or MRI is an arthrogram
traction
procedure that uses a weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment. skin tract uses elastic wraps, straps, halters, or skin adhesives connected to a pulley and a weight. skeletal traction uses pins, wires, or tongs inserted into the bone during surgery. halo traction uses pins inserted into the cranium and attached to a circular metal frame that forms a halo around the patient's head. bars connect the halo to a rigid vest that immobilizes the chest and back while exerting upward traction on the head to straighten a fracture of the spine.
arthroscopy
procedure that uses an arthroscope inserted into the joint to visualize structures inside the joint. other instruments can be inserted through the arthroscope to scrape or cut damaged cartilage or smooth sharp bone edges.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit
procedure that uses and electrical device to control chronic pain. a battery produces regular, preset electrical impulses that travel through wires to electrodes on skin. these impulses block the transmission of pain sensations to the brain. these impulses also stimulate body to produce its own natural pain-relieving endorphins.
physical therapy
procedure that uses exercises to improve a patient's range of motion, joint mobility, strength, and balance. active exercises are done by the patient. passive exercises are done by the physical therapist who moves the patients body.
bone graft
procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures with extensive bone loss or defects due to cancer. bone taken from a patients own body is an autograft. frozen or freeze-dried bone taken from a cadaver is allograft.
fasciotomy
procedure to cut the fascia and release pressure from built up blood and tissue fluid in a patient with compartment syndrome
electromyography(EMG)
procedure to diagnose muscle disease or nerve damage. a needle electrode inserted into a muscle records electrical activity as the muscle contracts and relaxes. the electrical activity is displayed as waveforms on a screen and recorded on paper as electromyogram
muscle biopsy
procedure to diagnose muscle weakness that could be caused by many different muscular diseases. an incision is made in the muscle and a piece of tissue is removed and sent to pathology department for examination under a microscope. this is an incisional biopsy or open biopsy. alternatively, a needle is inserted and some muscle tissue is aspirated through the needle, this is a closed biopsy
polysomnography
procedure to diagnose the underlying conditions that can cause insomnia, sleep disruption, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy. electrodes on the face and head and various other monitors are used to record the patient's EEG, eye movements, muscle activity, heartbeat, and respirations during sleep. aka sleep study.
arthrodesis
procedure to fuse the bones in a degenerated, unstable joint
-desis
procedure to fuse together
nerve conduction study
procedure to measure the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve. electrical impulse through an electrode applied to the skin is used to stimulate a peripheral nerve. another electrode a measured distance away records how long it takes for the electrical impulse to reach it. test usually performed in conjunction with electromyography to help differentiate between weakness due to nerve disorders versus weakness due to muscle disorders.
axial skeleton
the bones of the head, chest, and back
lumbar puncture (LP)
procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. aka spinal tap. patient positioned with upper legs flexed towards chest. this curves the spine and widens the space between the spinous processes of two vertebrae, allowing accurate positioning of the spinal needle. a needle is inserted into the space between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space. CSF flows through the needle and is collected and sent to the laboratory. before spinal needle is removed, a calibrated manometer(a thin tube) can be attached to measure the intracranial pressure as CSF rises in the manometer.
fasciectomy
procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia that is causing Dupuytren's contracture
-centesis
procedure to puncture
ganglionectomy
procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon
stereotactic neurosurgery
procedure to remove a tumor deep within the cerebrum. a CT or MRI scan is used to show the tumor in 3D and give its precise coordinates. the patients head is fixed in a stereotactic apparatus that guides the position of a probe as it is inserted into the brain. then heat, cold, or high-energy gamma rays are used to destroy the tumor.
amputation
procedure to remove all or part of an extremity due to trauma, cardiovascular diease, or diabetes mellitus. a below the knee amputation(BKA) is at the level of the tibia and fibula. an above the knee amputation(AKA) is at the level of the femur. a muscle flap is wrapped over the end of the amputated limb to provide a cushion and bulk to the patient can be fitted with an artificial limb(prosthesis). a patient who has an amputation is called an amputee.
arthrocentesis
procedure to remove an accumulation of fluid from an injured joint by using a needle inserted into the joint spec. also done to inject a drug to control inflammation and pain.
bunionectomy
procedure to remove the prominent part of the metatarsal bone that is causing a bunion
thymectomy
procedure to remove the thymus gland. it is used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis because, after a thymectomy, the patient produces fewer antibodies against the remaining acteylcholine receptors
myorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a torn muscle after an injury
tenorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a torn tendon after an injury
trigger point injections
procedure to treat fibromyalgia. a combo of a local anesthetic and a corticosteroid drug are injected into each trigger point to relieve pain and decrease inflammation
muscle strength test
procedure used to test the motor strength of certain muscles groups. for muscles in the legs and feet, the physician presses against the lower leg or foot and asks the patient to extend the leg or flex the foot upward. for shoulder muscles, the physician presses down and the patient tries to shrug the shoulders. for muscles in the hand, the patient grasps two of the physician's fingers and squeezes them as tightly as possible. muscles strength is measured on a scale of 0-5, with 5 being normal strength and 0 being inability to move the muscles being tested
closed reduction
procedure where manual manipulation of a displaced fracture is performed to replace without need for surgery. cast applied
meiosis
process by which a spermatocyte reduces the number of chromosomes in its nucleus to 23, or half the normal number, to create gametes
ossification
process by which cartilage is changed into bone from childhood through adolescence.
mitosis
process by which most body cells reproduce. the 46 chromosomes in the nucleus duplicate, and then split, creating two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes
-tripsy
process of crushing
-tomy
process of cutting or making an incision
-trophy
process of development
-ization
process of making, creating, or inserting
-metry
process of measuring
spermatogenesis
process of producing a mature spermatozoon through the processes of mitosis and meiosis
-graphy
process of recording
-plasty
process of reshaping by surgery
-pexy
process of surgically fixing in place
-scopy
process of using an instrument to examine
-opsy
process of viewing
-ism
process; disease from a specific cause
gener/o-
production; creation
clavicle
rodlike bone along each shoulder. it joins with the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. aka collar bone.
dupuytren's contracture
progressive disease in which collagen fibers in the fascia in the palm of the hand become thickened and shortened. this causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger. need: injection of a drug to dissolve the collagen fibers, surgery to remove the fascia(fasciectomy)
Huntington's chorea
progressive inherited degenerative disease that begins in middle age. dementia with spasms of extremities and face(chorea), alternating with slow writhing movements of hands and feet(athetosis)
PIP
promixal interphalangeal joint
prostat/o-
prostate gland
PSA
prostate specific antigen
PAP
prostatic acid phosphatase
muscular system
provides movement for the body in conjunction with support from the bones(aka musculoskeletal system)
pub/o-
pubis (hip bone)
pub/o-
pubis(hip bone)
contract/o-
pull together
tract/o-
pulling
culture and sensitivity(C&S)
puts urine onto culture medium in petri dish to identify the cause of UTI. specific disease causing microorganism is identified and tested to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotics.
-ty
quality or state
QCT
quantitative computerized tomography
rotat/o-
rotate
cerebral angiography
radiopaque contrast dye injected into carotid arteries and X-ray taken to see arterial circulation in the brain. done to show aneurysm, stenosis, plaque in the arteries, or a tumor. tumor seen as interwoven collection of new blood vessels or seen indirectly when it forces arteries into abnormal positions. aka arteriography. X-ray image is angiogram or arteriogram
myelography
radiopaque contrast dye injected into subarachnoid space at level of L3 and L4 vertebrae. contrast dye outlines spinal cavity and shows spinal nerves, nerve roots, and intervertebral disks, as well as tumors, herniated disks, or obstructions within the cavity. X-ray image called myelogram. because a myelogram can cause the side effect of a severe headache, an MRI scan of spine more often done
radi/o-
radius(forearm bone); X-rays; radiation
ROM
range of motion
clon/o-
rapid contracting and relaxing
REM
rapid eye movement
RPR
rapid plasma reagin (test for syphilis)
anencephaly
rare congenital condition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing. newborn breathes because resp centers in medulla oblongata are present but only survives hours or days
cranium
rounded dome of bone at the top of the skull
recept/o-
receive
electroencephalography (EEG)
records electrical activity of the brain. multiple electrodes are placed on the scalp overlying several lobes of the brain. they're attached by lead wires to electroencephalograph, a machine that record brain waves. there are four types of normal brain waves: alpha, beta, delta, theta. patterns of brain waves in lobes of left and right hemispheres should be the same. any difference suggests tumor or injury. abnormal waves suggest encephalopathy or dementia. during an epileptic seizure brain waves show specific patterns that are used to diagnose the type of epilepsy. in order to induce a seizure during EEG, patient may look at flashing lights or be sleep deprived. EEG also done as part of a polysomnography to diagnose sleep disorders and as part of evoked potential testing
rect/o-
rectum
erythr/o-
red
inflammat/o-
redness and warmth
rehab
rehabilitation(slang)
relax/o-
relax
compartment syndrome
result of severe blunt or crushing injury that causes bleeding in the muscles of the leg. fascia acts as a compartment, holding in the accumulated blood. increased pressure causes muscle and nerve damage and tissue death. need fasciotomy to allow the blood and fluid to drain out
prostatectomy
removal of entire prostate gland, along with lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens because of prostate cancer. retropubic or suprapubic surgical approach used
circumcision
removal of prepuce(foreskin). can be done to correct tight prepuce and allow better hygiene of glans penis. foreskin in newborn babies is often removed because social customs or religious requirements
orchiectomy
removal of testis because of testicular cancer
transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT)
removes bladder tumor from inside bladder. special cystoscope called resectoscope inserted that resects bladder tumor, cauterizes bleeding vessels, and uses irrigating fluid to flush tissue pieces out of bladder
kidney transplantation
removes damaged kidney from patient with end stage kidney failure and inserts new kidney from donor. matched by blood type and tissue type. patient must take immunosuppressant drug continuously to keep from rejecting organ
biopsy
removes tissue for prostate gland to diagnose cancer. large bore needle inserted through rectum or urethra to take a core of prostate tissue. fine needle aspiration biopsy of the testis performed to investigate low sperm count. thin needle inserted and syringe used to aspirate tissue, incisional biopsy(open) to remove part of a mass in testis
excret/o-
removing from the body
epilepsy
reoccuring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously send electrical impulses in abnormal uncontrolled way. aka seizures or convulsions. four common types, with a specific EEG pattern for each. can be triggered by flashing light, stress, lack of sleep, alcohol or drugs, or unknown. before onset of a seizure some experience aura, a visual, odor, tingling, or buzzing, that warns them. after a tonic-clonic seizure, the patient experiences sleepiness and confusion called postictal state. status epilepticus is prolonged or repetitive seizures without regaining consciousness.
RSI
repetitive strain injury
orchiopexy
repositioning of undescended testis and fixate it within scrotum
urethroplasty
repositions urethral meatus. to correct congenital hypospadais or epispadias
-oid
resembling
RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevation
gemin/o-
set or group
sediment
several types in urine. crystals(calcium oxalate, uric acid, etc) can become kidney stones. casts are protein molecules(hyaline casts) or blood(red cell casts) that is molded by the cylindrical shape of the tubules. epithelial cells are normal in urine sediment because they are shed continuously from lining of UT
coit/o-
sexual intercourse
pareun/o-
sexual intercourse
venere/o-
sexual intercourse
diaphys/o-
shaft of a bone
glenoid fossa
shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to maker he shoulder joint.
morph/o-
shape
triceps brachii
shape: origin of the muscle has three parts or heads(triceps) location: arm
biceps brachii
shape: origin of the muscles has two parts or heads(biceps) location: arm
contraction
shortening of the length of all the muscle fibers and the muscle itself. opposite of relaxation.
buccinator m.
side of face that moves the cheek
ethm/o-
sieve
vis/o-
sight; vision
cath
slang for catheterize or catheterization
somn/o-
sleep
symphysis joint
slightly movable joint btwn two pubic bones(the pubic symphysis) or btwn the vertebrae. this joint contains a large cartilage pad or a disk.
brady-
slow
retard/o-
slow down; delay
pubis
small bridge like bone that is the most anterior hip bone. the pubic symphysis is a nearly immobile joint between the two pubic bones.
bulbourethral glands
small bulblike glands below the prostate gland that secrete mucus into the urethra during ejaculation
orbicul/o-
small circle
nephrolithotomy
small incision inside skin and endoscope inserted in percutaneous approach into kidney to remove kidney stone embedded in renal pelvis or calices.
por/o-
small openings; pores
renal biopsy
small piece of kidney excised for analysis. to confirm or exclude cancer or kidney disease
-cle
small thing
-ule
small thing
tubul/o-
small tube
tremor
small, involuntary, sometimes jerky, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities. these are continuous and cannot be controlled by the patient. usually due to essential familial tremor, an inherited condition. need beta-blocker drug
cerebellum
small, rounded structure that is the most posterior part of the brain. it monitors muscle tone and position and coordinates muscle movements
glen/o-
socket of a joint
fontanel
soft spot on a baby's head where the cranial sutures are still open and there is only fibrous connective tissues
malac/o-
softening
complex partial (psychomotor)
some degree of impairment of consciousness. involuntary contractions of one or several muscle groups. can be automatisms, such as lip smacking or repetitive muscle movements. lasts 1-2 minutes
son/o-
sound
appendicular skeleton
the bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremities
ejaculation
sudden expelling of semen from the penis during sexual arousal of the male
pathet/o-
suffering
access/o-
supplemental or contributing part
craniotomy
surgical incision into the cranium to expose the brain tissue. a craniotomy is the first phase of any type of brain surgery, such as removal of a subdural hematoma or excising a brain tumor.
-ectomy
surgical removal
diskectomy
surgical removal of all or part of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk. this relieves pressure on the adjacent dorsal nerve roots and relieves the pain.
laminectomy
surgical removal of the lamina (the flat area of the arch of the vertebra). removal of this bony segment relieves pressure on the dorsal nerve roots and relieves pain from a herniated nucleus pulposus.
-stomy
surgically created opening
nephrectomy
surgically removes disease or cancerous kidney. healthy kidney can be transplanted
lord/o-
swayback
xiph/o-
sword
synov/o-
synovium(membrane)
synovi/o-
synovium(membrane)
-ature
system composed of
-ure
system; result of
ablat/o-
take away; destroy
deep tendon reflexes(DTR)
tapping briskly on a tendon causes an involuntary, automatic contraction of the muscles connected to the tendon. this tests whether the muscular-nervous pathway is functioning normally. this test can be done in several places, but most common is at the knee. aka knee jerk or patellar reflex
rotator cuff tear
tear in rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder that surround the head of the humerus. these muscles help to abduct the arm. can be caused by acute trauma or repetitive overuse, particularly motions in which the arm is above the head. need surgical repair.
syncope
temporary loss of consciousness. syncopal episode when patient becomes lightheaded, faints, and remains unconscious briefly. often caused by carotid artery stenosis and plaque that block blood flow or by cardiac arrhythmias that decrease blood flow to brain
ten/o-
tendon
tendin/o-
tendon
acid phosphatase(blood test)
test for enzyme found in prostate gland. prostatic acid phosphatase(PAP) only measures acid phosphatase from prostate gland as opposed to the total level. an increased level of it in blood indicates cancer of prostate that has metastasized to the body.
pH
test of how acidic or alkaline the urine is. acidic urine has a pH lower than 7, alkaline is higher than 7. urine is normally slightly alkaline. bacteria grow quickly and kidney stones from more readily in alkaline urine
drug screening
test on employees or athletes to detect any individual who is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs
alpha fetoprotein(AFP)
test or sample of amniotic fluid taken from the uterus by amniocentesis during pregnancy. used to diagnose a neural tube defect in the fetus before birth. the fetal liver makes alpha fetoprotein, and small amounts are normally present in the amniotic fluid. however an increased level indicates that its leaking into the amniotic fluid through a meningocele or meningomyelocele
acetylcholine receptor antibody test
test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its acetylcholine receptors. used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.
creatine phosphokinase(CPK-MM)
test that measures the level of serum CPK-MM, an isoenzyme found in the muscles. a high blood level of it is present in various diseases, particularly muscular dystrophy, in which muscle tissue is being destroyed
cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) examination
test that visually examines the CSF for clarity and color, microscopically for cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances. normal CSF is clear and colorless. CSF with pink or reddish tint contains a large number of RBCs which indicates bleeding in the brain from stroke or trauma. cloudy CSF contains large number of WBCs bc of bacterial infection such as encephalitis or meningitis. an elevated level of protein indicates infection or presence of a tumor. presence of oilgoclonal bands points to MS and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
-didymis
testes(twin structures)
TSE
testicular self exam
orch/o-
testis
orchi/o-
testis
orchid/o-
testis
test/o-
testis; testicle
testicul/o-
testis; testicle
neurologic examination
tests coordination, sensation, balance, and gait. coordination tests: (1) rapid alternating movements. the patient taps the tip of the index finger against the thumb as rapidly as possible. (2) finger-to-nose test. with eyes closed, patient touches tip of finger to nose. (3) patient touches the nose, then touches physicians finger as it moves to various locations, then touches the nose again. (4) heel-to-shin test. patient puts heel of one foot onto the opposite leg and then runs it from knee down skin to the toes. sensation tests: (1) with patients eyes closed, skin touched in various places with a cotton swab(to test light touch), a vibrating tuning fork(to test vibration), and the point of a pin(to test pain). one or two pins are used to see if the patient can distinguish the number of things touching the skin(two point discrimination). (2) patient's toe or finger is moved up and down and the patient is asked to identify the direction(to test body position and proprioception) balance tests: (1) Romberg test. the patient stands with the feet together and eyes closed. in a normal test, patient doesn't sway excessively or lose balance. aka the station test. gait tests: (1) manner of walking is assessed for a normal arm swing and stride. (2) patient asked to walk across the room heel-to-toe fashion. patient is asked to walk on toes, on heels, and then hop in place on each foot.
syphilis testing (blood test)
tests that include: RPR, VDRL, and FTA-ABS. RPR is rapid plasma reagin. VDRL stands for venereal disease research laboratory. these tests detect and antibody produced with syphilis. however its also produced with other diseases. FTA-ABS is fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption. which detects body's specific antibodies against syphilis
mini mental status examination(MMSE)
tests the patient's concrete and abstract thought processes and long and short term memory. patient asked to state his or her name, the date, and where they are. if answers are all correct, patient is said to be oriented to person, time, and place(oriented x3). the patient is asked to perform simple mental arithmetic, recall objects or words, name the current president and recent past presidents, spell a word backwards, and give the meaning of a proverb. a full mental status examination is done during a psychiatric evaluation.
thalam/o-
thalamus
bones
the 206 individual pieces of the skeleton. bone is known as osseous tissue. bony and steal are adjectives for bone.
adolesc/o-
the beginning of an adult
hallux
the great toe
pelvis
the hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column
cerebrum
the largest and most visible part of the brain. its surface contains gyro and sucli, and its divided into two hemisphere.
gonads
the male sex glands(i.e. the testes)
cerebral cortex
the outermost surface of the cerebrum. it consist of gray matter that contains the cell bodies of neurons
coitus
the physical union of male and female during sexual intercourse
tarsal bones
the seven bones in the ankle joint. the first tarsus; the largest is the calcaneus.
diaphysis
the straight shaft of a long bone
-logy
the study of
periosteum
thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone
T1-T12
thoracic vertebrae
thorac/o-
thorax(chest)
mit/o-
threadlike structure
tri-
three
stere/o-
three dimensions
meninges
three separate membranes that envelop and protect the entire brain and spinal cord. the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
ossicles
three tiny bones in the middle ear that function in the process of hearing. they are also known as the ossicular chain.
per-
through; throughout
then/o-
thumb
thym/o-
thymus; rage
tibi/o-
tibia(shin bone)
tib-fib
tibula-fibula(slang)
chron/o-
time
-graft
tissue for implant or transplant
fer/o-
to bear
fract/o-
to break up
aspir/o-
to breath in; to suck in
reduct/o-
to bring back; decrease
cis/o-
to cut
sect/o-
to cut
incis/o-
to cut into
amput/o-
to cut off
amputat/o-
to cut off
excis/o-
to cut out
resect/o-
to cut out; remove
ejaculat/o-
to expel suddenly
fixat/o-
to make stable or still
insert/o-
to put in; introduce
treansurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
to reduce the size of prostate in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. a specialized cytoscope(resectoscope) inserted through urethra. built in cutting instruments and cautery to resect pieces and cauterize bleeding vessels. chips of prostatic tissue are then irrigated out. TURP has been most common surgical instrument for a moderately to severe enlarged prostate gland. other procedures use a laser to vaporize tissues. these include photoselective vaporization of the prostate(PVP) and holmium laser ablation of the prostate(HoLAP). Laser surgery produces the same results as TURP with less bleeding and shorter recovery time. minimally invasive procedures for moderate benign prostatic hypertrophy include transurethral microwave therapy(TUMT), which uses microwave antenna on a catheter through urethra to destroy prostatic tissue with microwaves and heat, and transurethral needle ablation(TUNA), uses resectoscope to place needles in prostate to destroy tissue with radio waves and heat.
carotid endarterectomy
to remove a plaque from the carotid artery. this opens up the lumen of the artery, restores blood flow to the brain, and decreases the possibility of a stroke.
biopsy
to remove a tumor or mass from brain or other part of nervous system. in an excisional biopsy, the entire tumor or mass is removed and sent to lab for determination of being benign or malignant. even a benign brain tumor must be totally removed because it causes increasing intracranial pressure in the flexible bony cranium.
dialysis
to remove waste products from blood for patent in renal failure. undergo several times a week while waiting for transplant. two types: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
joint replacement surgery
to replace a joint destroyed by disease or osteoarthritis. a metal or plastic joint prosthesis is inserted. this surgery in done on the hips as a total hip replacement(THR) or on the knees, shoulders, or even on the small joints in the fingers. for a THR, the head of the femur us sawed off. the stem(long metal projection) of the prosthesis is hammered into the cut end of the femur. the head(ball) of the prosthesis is matched to acetabulum size and inserted into cup. (aka arthroplasty)
transmitt/o-
to send across or through
emiss/o-
to send out
erect/o-
to stand up
sorb/o-
to suck up
vuls/o-
to tear
open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF)
to treat a complicated fracture. a incision is made to open the skin and visualize the fracture, the fracture is reduced(realigned), and an internal fixation procedure is done using screws, nails, or plates to hold the fracture fragments in correct alignment.(a rongeur is a forceps that is used to remove small bone fragments)
enur/o-
to urinate
sym-
together; with
gloss/o-
tongue
TNTC
too numerous to count
THRq
total hip replacement
tact/o-
touch
dura mater
tough, outermost layer of the meninges. the dura mater lies just beneath the bones of the cranium and within the foramen of each vertebra.
ad-
toward
-ad
toward; in the direction of
TIA
transient ischemic attack
TRUS
transrectal ultrasound
TUMT
transurethral microwave therapy
TUNA
transurethral needle ablation
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
TURP
transurethral resection of prostate
contusion
traumatic injury to brain or spinal cord. no loss of consciousness, but theres bruising with some bleeding in the tissues
concussion
traumatic injury to brain that results in an immediate loss of consciousness(LOC) for a brief or prolonged period of time. signs of slowly enlarging hemorrhage in the brain: sleepiness, irritability, vacant stare, slow answering questions, inability to follow commands, disorientation to time and place, slurred speech, or lack of coordination.
external fixation
treats a complicated fracture. an external fixator orthopedic device has metal pins that are inserted into the bone on either side of the fracture and connected to a metal frame which immobilizes the fracture. a similar device is used to perform a leg lengthening to treat a congenitally short leg. it has screws that are tuned daily, pulling the cut ends of bone apart so new bone grows in the gap and lengthens the leg.
delt/o-
triangle
scapula
triangular shaped bone on each side of the upper back. aka the shoulder blade. it contains the acromion, a bony projection that connects to the clavicle.
tub/o-
tube
seminiferous tubules
tubules within each testis where spermatozoa develop
-oma
tumor; mass
inversion
turning a body part inward. an invertor is a muscle that produces inversion when it contracts.
eversion
turning a body part outward and toward the side. an evertor is a muscle that produces eversion when it contracts.
supination
turning the palm of the hand anteriorly or upward. a supinator is a muscle that produces supination when it contracts.
pronation
turning the palm of the hand posteriorly or downward. a pronator is a muscle that produces pronation when it contracts.
ribs
twelve pairs of bones that forms the sides of the thorax. there are true rubs, false ribs, and floating ribs
cranial nerves(I-XII)
twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain. they carry sensory nerve impulses to the brain and/or motor nerve impulses from the brain
tort/i-
twisted position
genitourinary system
two body systems(male repro, urinary) that share some structures. aka urogenital system
hyoid bone
u shaped bone in the anterior neck. it is attached by ligament to the styloid process of the temporal bone
uln/o-
ulna(forearm bone)
ultrasonography
ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. image known as sonogram
comat/o-
unconsciousness
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure
unconsciousness with excessive motor activity. body alternates between excessive body tone with rigidity(tonic) and jerking muscle contractions(clonic) in extremities, with tongue biting and sometimes incontinence. lasts 1-2 minutes
epi-
upon; above
ureter/o-
ureter
urethr/o-
urethra
UA
urinalysis
neurogenic bladder
urinary retention of bladder due to lack of innervation of the nerves of the bladder. can be due to spinal cord injury, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, or parkinson's disease. bladder must be catheterized intermittently bc it doesn't contract to expel urine.
overactive bladder
urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall as the bladder fill with urine. sometimes causes incontinence.
ur/o-
urinary; urinary system
frequency
urinating often, usually in small amounts. can be due to kidney stone or enlarged prostate gland blocking urine, a urinary tract infection, or overactive bladder.
odor
urine has a faint odor due to the waste products in it. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a fruity smell bc of glucose in it. when urine stands at room temp, bacteria from air grow in it, breaking down the urea into ammonia; this gives old urine its characteristic smell
UPEP
urine protein electrophoresis
ur/o-
urine; urinary system
urin/o-
urine; urinary system
ultrasonography
used ultra high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce and image. of the testes is used to detect a varicocele or undescended testes. transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) uses probe inside rectum to obtain an image of prostate gland or to help guide a needle biopsy of gland.
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
uses X-rays and contrast dyes inserted into the bladder through catheter, outlines bladder and urethra. image taken while patient is urinating is called a voiding cystourethrogram
intravenous pyelography(IVP)
uses X-rays and radiopaque contrast dye thats injected intravenously and flows through the blood and into the kidneys. outlines renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra. shows any obstruction, blockage, kidney stone, or abnormal anatomy in UT. aka excretory urography. X-ray image known as pyelogram or urogram. alternatively retrograde pyelography can be done in which a cystoscopy performed and a catheter advanced into ureter and dye is injected which outlines ureter, pelvis, and calices of kidney
computed axial tomography(CAT, CT)
uses X-rays to create many individual closely spaced images. CT scans used to view cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord. radiopaque contrast dye can be injected to provide more detail
-quantitative computerized tomography(QCT)
uses an X-ray beam and a CT scan to create a 3D image. able to measure the density of both cancellous and cortical bone. cancellous is first to be affected by osteoporosis and the first to respond to therapy.
urine protein electrophoresis(UPEP)
uses electricity to move substances in a gel. detects immunoglobulins and Bence-Jones protein, an abnormal protein in the urine of patients with cancer multiple myeloma
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
uses magnetic field and radio waves to align the protons in the body and cause them to emit signals that create an image. magnetic resonace imaging is a type of tomography that creates images as slices. MRI scans are used to view cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord radiopaque contrast dye can be injected for more detail
renal scan
uses radioactive isotope injected intravenously. taken up by kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image. performed after kidney transplantation to look for signs of organ rejection
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
uses radioactive substance that is combined with glucose molecules and injected intravenously. as glucose metabolized, radioactive substances emit positrons, and these form gamma rays that are detected by a gamma camera. image reflects amount of metabolism in that area. increased metabolism can be due to cancerous tumor. decreased metabolism can be due to Alzheimer's disease, parkinson's, or epilepsy
aponeurosis
wide, white sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure
hemodialysis
uses shunt or fistula to low easy reliable access to blood. shunt used when patients blood vessels are small. fistula created by joining artery with a vein, which enlarges to accommodate two needles, one that removes blood and another that receives pure blood from dialysis machine
lithotripsy
uses sound waves to break up kidney stones. after X-ray located stone, a lithotriptor generated sound waves. aka extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL). in surgical percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, endoscope inserted through skin into kidney, lithotriptor inserted into kidney to break up stones. sometimes laser beam used to break up really hard stones
-DEXA(DXA) scan (aka dual-energy xray absorptiometry)
uses two dual X-ray beams with different energy levels to create a 2D image. can detect as little as 1% bone loss
doppler ultrasonography
uses ultra high frequency sound waves to produce a 2D image to visualize areas of stenosis and plaque and turbulence in blood flow in carotid arteries. aka carotid duplex scan
VMA
vanillylmandelic acid
varic/o-
varicose vein
varicocele
varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testis. the valves in the vein do not close completely. the vein becomes distended with blood and is painful. a varicocele can cause low sperm count and infertility
internal genitalia
vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, bulbourethral gland, and prostate gland in the pelvic cavity
ven/o-
vein
VD
venereal disease
VDRL
venereal disease research laboratory (test for syphilis)
ventricul/o-
ventricle(lower heart chamber; chamber in the brain)
spondyl/o-
vertebra
vertebr/o-
vertebra
cervical vertebrae
vertebrae C1-C7 of the vertebral column in the neck. C1 is the atlas; C2 is the axis.
lumbar vertebrae
vertebrae L1-L5 of the vertebral column in the lower back
thoracic vertebrae
vertebrae T1-T12 of the vertebral column in the area of the chest. each vertebra joins with one pair of ribs
compression fracture
vertebrae are compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of disease
sternum
vertical bone of the anterior thorax to which the clavicle and ribs are attached. aka the breast bone. the manubrium is the triangular shaped superior part of the sternum, while the xiphoid process in the inferior pointed tip
hairline fracture
very thin fracture line with the bone pieces still together. it is difficult to detect except on an xray
vestibul/o-
vestibule(entrance)
shaken baby syndrome
vigorous shaking. because infants head is large and neck muscles weak, head whips back and forth. this can cause contusion, concussion, hemorrhaging, mental retardation, coma, or even death
VCUG
voiding cystourethography
ambulat/o-
walking
pariet/o-
wall of a cavity
vag/o-
wandering; vagus nerve
hydr/o-
water; fluid
rheumat/o-
watery discharge
bell's palsy
weakness, drooping or actual paralysis of one side of face because of inflammation of facial nerve. caused by viral infection, maybe herpes. usually lasts a month then disappears.
phen/o-
wedge shape
open fracture
when bone breaks skin(aka compound fracture)
dementia
when many neurons in the cerebrum die, cerebral cortex shrinks in size and progressive deterioration in mental function. most often associated with old age(senile-onset dementia) and the cumulative effect of multiple small cerebrovascular accidents(multi-infarct dementia). most common cause of dementia is alzheimers disease, a hereditary dementia with mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21. at autopsy, neurons show neurofibrillary tangles that distort the cells. also are microscopic beta amyloid senile plaques. brain also has decreased level of acetylcholine. if it occurs in middle aged person its called early onset or presenile dementia.
origin
where the tendon of a muscle begins and is attached to a stationary(or nearly stationary) bone
insertion
where the tendon of a muscle ends on a bone that moves as the muscle contracts or relaxes
leuk/o-
white