Ch 8- Ch 12 Pysch Test

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles.

Contemporized-themes

proxy

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades.

achievement

The need for ________ might explain why we friend people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.

affiliation

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

In Albert Bandura;s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetypes

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat.

recognition

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle?

Hippocampus

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

implicit

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don;t actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of do it; without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

Schemata

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the learner; was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions.

confederate

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consummate

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion;mood

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the X; refer?

extraversion

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation.

script

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Cannon-Bard Theory

states that the lower part of the brain, also called the thalamus, controls your experience of emotion. At the same time, the higher part of the brain, also called the cortex, controls the expression of emotion. It is believed that these two parts of the brain react simultaneously.

James-Lange Theory

stimulating events trigger a physical reaction. The physical reaction is then labeled with a corresponding emotion. For example, if you run into a snake, your heart rate increases.

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

fine

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

What was the overall result of Lashleys research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

Collectivistic culture

In collectivist cultures, groups are of primary importance—individuals are secondary.

Individual culture

In individualistic cultures, people behave according to self-interest and personal preferences and consider independence and self-sufficiency very important.

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Example of a self-serving bias

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

anorexia nervosa

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as ;fat.; Mercy probably suffers from ________.

How is an emotion different from mood?

Moods are less intense feelings than emotions

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

Motivation

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

Peripheral

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

how is situationism different from dispositionism?

Situationism focuses more on situations and how someone's environment affects them, while dispositionism focuses on genetic makeup, values, etc.

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

TEMAS

acoustic

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

set-point

The ________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.

construction;reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

biological;social

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization.

secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Bargaining

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will change her ways and become a model Christian if God just healed her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?

memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

Sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

explicit memory

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

misinformation effect paradigm

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

discontinuous

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

Briefly describe what Freud meant when he discussed the Oedipus complex.

a boy who acts possessive of his mother and tells the father not to touch her.

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Re-learning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

5 stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Cardinal Traits

dominates entire personality (rare)

semantic encoding

ensures that you remember the meaning of the written words in this context, rather than only remembering the words themselves.

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door-technique

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Secondary traits

less obvious or consistent, present under certain circumstances

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation. Question 10 options:

limbic system

Central traits

make up our personality

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

migration

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslows hierarchy of needs.

physiological

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

example of semantic encoding

remembering a phone number based on some attribute of the person you got it from, like their name.

How might you express anger through body language?

An openly angry person may clench their fists, position themselves in a threatening way, or breathe heavily. Finger pointing, accompanied by yelling or a raised voice, may also indicate anger.

gross

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

elaborative

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just subtracting two.; This is an example of ________ rehearsal.

Semantic

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

post conventional

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg;s theory of morality.

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

Zygote

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

What are the three components of an attitude? Give an example of an attitude and distinguish each of these three components for those components.

3 components of an attitude are affective, behavioral and cognitive. Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea or an object. It can be positive or negative. It is influenced by external forces and internal factors that we control. Affective component are feelings. Behavioral component is the effect of the attitude on behavior. Cognitive component is belief and knowledge.

Germania, embryonic and fetal

3 stages of prenatal development

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

10

accommodation

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, Look mommy, apples!; His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

formal operational stage

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

Erik Erikson

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

integrity vs despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Name at least two of the characteristics of groupthink.

Denial of vulnerability - group members may not be willing to acknowledge their own fallibility or vulnerability. Rationalization of decisions to minimize objections.

bariatric surgery

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient;s gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery.

sensorimotor

During Jean Piagets ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

Frontal

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

30

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.

Chunking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Pre-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he would get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?