Ch. 8 Concept Clips

A cold wind blowing in my face makes me shiver. In this example, shivering is a(n) ________.

UCR

Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a ________ reinforcer.

negative

Mara wants to draw people to her blog by awarding a $5 Amazon gift card to the 100th, 200th, 300th, etc. visitor each day. What type of schedule of reinforcement is she using?

fixed-ratio schedule

A variable ____ schedule reinforces a behavior after an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

ratio

How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?

The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred.

With which of the following would social learning theorists agree? a. Animals are unable to learn by observation and imitation. b. Observational learning is an effective way to learn a skill. c. Adults learn best by reading written directions. d. Gender roles are unable to be learned by observational learning.

b. Observational learning is an effective way to learn a skill.

Ratio schedules involve the ________ behaviors needed for a reward.

number of

A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n) ________.

CR

Alika is allergic to grass. Whenever he would sit on the grass, his skin would break out in hives that made him feel very itchy. Now, if you just say the word "grass" to him, he starts to feel itchy. In this example, the word "grass" is ________.

CS

Dennis is watching his friend, Mike, play a video game to learn how to get past a difficult spot on this level. Just as Mike is approaching the important combination of moves to beat the boss, Dennis's phone rings and he looks away from the screen to see who is calling. Which of the following processes did Dennis just miss in learning how to win at this level? a. attention b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement

a

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? a. getting spanked for running in the street b. learning that it is better to ask for permission before doing something that might get you into trouble c. not going in the street after being told not to run in the street d. losing your allowance for coming home late

a

What is a neutral stimulus?

a stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS

How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?

by stimulating a reflexive response

Schedules of reinforcement are specific patterns that ________.

determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Receiving an allowance once a month for doing one's chores is an example of a fixed ______ schedule.

interval

As the manager of a new frozen yogurt store, Damon is asked to implement a rewards system that uses a fixed-ratio schedule. Which of the following should he use? a. Offer a free frozen yogurt to a customer who comes in four times in one week. b. Offer frozen yogurt for 25 cents on the 25th of each month. c. Offer reward cards that allow the customer to get their tenth frozen yogurt for free.

c

Keisha is physically disabled. She is unable to physically duplicate the actions of an ice skating instructor. Which of the following processes keep her from being able to observationally learn how to ice skate? a. attention b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement

c

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. getting an allowance after completing chores b. getting spanked for running in the street c. getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin d. All answer choices are correct.

d

Maureen is learning French. According to the last component of observational learning, reinforcement, Maureen is more likely to learn more French if she ________.

goes to visit France and a stranger compliments her rudimentary French

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment.

According to Bandura, ________.

observational learning involves four processes

Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as a ________ reinforcer.

positive

Positive reinforcement _______ and negative reinforcement ________.

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus