ch 8

iii) Fixed Ratio Schedule

reinforce behavior after a certain number of them have been exhibited.

ii) Variable interval schedule

reinforce behavior at random points in time

Punishment

occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior

i) Consistency

Has Joe arrived late for work before?, and does this always happen?

c) Organized Anarchy

Problematic preferences (unclear goals), unclear technology, and turnover.

ii) Consensus

Was everyone or others late because of bad weather or an accident?

iii) Use of judgment heuristics

a mental shortcut

13) Intuitive Model of Decision Making

an unconscious process, as opposed to analysis, which is assumed to occur separately on the conscious level.

4) Social Learning Theory

argues that people in organizations have that ability to learn through the observation of others.

8) Rational Decision Making

based on rationality or a carful and calculated choice to maximize value given in assessment of alternatives and their consequences.

c) Herbert A. Simon

came up with the idea that we are not completely rational with our decision making.

9) Bounded Rationality

decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.

5) Behavior modeling

happens when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe and then repeat the observed behavior.

]Intermittent Reinforcement

happens when reinforcement does not follow each instance of desired behavior.

]Fixed interval schedule

reward after certain period of time, and time period stays the same

iv) Variable Ratio Schedule

reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors.Car salesman getting paid off of commission.

]Continuous Reinforcement

simplest schedule of reinforcement and happen when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

iii) Distinctiveness

is this a normal activity for this person or is it a unique event? Is Joe responsible when it comes to personal appointments, not just work appointments?

Positive Reinforcement

occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior.You do something good and you get a reward (money) or verbal reinforcement like good job, or nice!

Negative Reinforcement

occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. Nagging to take out the trash, this once you take it out the will stop. When there is a negative thing happening and its stops as soon as you do the desired behavior.

ii) Extinction

occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior.Employee acts childish at work and gets attention for it, and finding a way to remove the attention would be a purposeful act of extinction

c) Self-Serving Bias

occurs when we attribute out own failures to external factors and out own successes to internal factors.

ii) Satisficing

once you find something that is ok, you will go with it. Tendency to choose the first satisfactory alternative discovered.

b) Fundamental Attribution Error

people have a tendency to judge others behaviors as due to internal factors.

12) Escalation of Commitment

people invest more heavily in an apparently loosing course of action so as to justify their earlier decisions.

Operant Conditioning

we learn by observing the link between out voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.