History 105 Inquisitive Ch. 4

Which of the following statements are supported both by Roman legend and by archaeological and historical research into early Rome?

Rome engaged in numerous conflicts with its neighbors in the centuries leading up to the early Republic. The Romans rejected monarchy and replaced it with a republic in roughly 500 BCE.

According to the Greek historian Polybius, what were two of the reasons for Rome's greatness?

a government that combined different models of rule and representation Roman culture's emphasis on its own traditions

Identify the political innovations and changes introduced by Augustus.

a permanent, official imperial treasury a state-regulated system of grain importation

Identify the ways in which Roman women participated in Roman society.

as business owners as managers of households

How did Augustus (Octavian) portray himself to his fellow Romans?

as the restorer of the Republic

Place in chronological order the events that led up to the founding of the Roman Republic.

- Latins migrate to Italy - Rome is founded on the Tiber River - Greek colonists arrive in Italy and Sicily - The Etruscans dominate Rome - The Roman Republic is founded

Place in chronological order the following events of the Punic Wars.

- Rome and Carthage go to war over Sicily - Carthage establishes dominance in Spain - Hannibal invades Italy - Scipio Africanus defeats Carthage - Carthage falls after a long siege

What were two of the effects of the growth of large plantations—the latifundia—on the Roman economy and Roman society?

- The gap between rich and poor grew wider in Roman society. - Cash crops produced on latifundia resulted in great wealth for their owners.

Complete the passage to describe Rome before the Republic began. Early Rome enjoyed great geographical advantages, as it was located on the banks of the - and near advanced cultures, such as the -. Before the Republic began, Rome was already growing in wealth and power because of its production of -.

- Tiber River - Etruscans - crafts

Complete the passage to describe the Roman legions that were so effective in conquering Italy, and eventually, the Republic's enormous empire outside of Italy. The core of the legions were -soldiers. They served under experienced noncommissioned officers called - and were well known for their -. Soldiers were generally infantry or -.

- citizen - centurions - discipline - cavalry

Complete the passage to describe aspects of the living conditions for the inhabitants of the city of Rome by 100 BCE The homes of the wealthy featured gardens and -, along with lavatories that featured -. The poor lived in huge - that were always in danger of collapse and -.

- libraries - running water - apartment buildings - fire

Complete the passage to describe the structure and practices of Roman family life. The head of the Roman household was the eldest male, the -, who had the legal right to -anyone in his house. Mothers were to help uphold Roman - through instruction and example. Boys formally became men in their -, and girls could be married as young as twelve.

- paterfamilias - execute - traditions - early teens

Identify the sources from which Rome obtained slaves.

- pirates - kidnappers - war - brigands

Complete the passage to describe the actions of the Gracchi in the late Republic. The Gracchi were -, Roman politicians who sought support from the poor and common people. They attempted to redistribute - to common Romans, to hold - accountable for corruption, and to extend citizenship to all -.

- populares - land - governors - latins

Complete the passage to describe how the Second Punic War began.

After the First Punic War, Carthage established control and influence in Spain. From there, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal swore his enmity toward Rome and led Carthaginian forces through the Alps. The first few years of the war saw Rome suffer enormous losses.

What were two things that gladiatorial combat and dramatic performances had in common in Rome?

Both were usually paid for by elites and offered to the public. Both featured slaves as many, if not all, of the participants.

What were two ways in which Caesar's actions were fundamentally different from those of Marius and Sulla a generation earlier?

Caesar actively worked toward the creation of a monarchy (even though he rejected the title of king). Caesar actively cultivated the support of the Roman poor.

Why would some Romans want to celebrate Caesar's death?

Caesar had attempted to dismantle the political system of the Republic

Who was Rome's greatest rival and enemy throughout the history of the Republic?

Carthage

What culture provided elite Romans with essential models for education and literature?

Greek

What were some of Augustus's accomplishments as a ruler of Rome?

He brought peace to Rome for the first time in decades. He built magnificent structures in Rome itself.

Identify the statements that describe the attributes of the Republic's system of government that contributed to Rome's power and stability.

It eventually represented the interests of all Roman citizens. It adapted over time through a process of trial and error.

The changes in the Roman economy and Roman society in the third and second centuries BCE were attributed to what?

Rome's long wars in the Mediterranean region changed the nature of military service

Which two statements accurately describe aspects of slavery in Rome?

Slaves had no legal rights. Some slaves became rich and bought their own freedom.

Despite his tactical brilliance, what was one of the significant reasons why Hannibal was unable to defeat Rome?

The Romans learned to avoid open battle against him whenever possible

Identify two of the outcomes of the First Punic War, 264-241 BCE.

The first Roman province was established. The Romans developed a powerful navy.

Why did the Roman patricians grant the plebeians the right to have their own assembly and representatives?

The plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army until they were better represented

Complete the passage to describe Roman social divisions during the time of Augustus.

The stratification of wealth in Rome grew wider during Augustus's reign. Entrepreneurs could become extremely rich, although the majority of Romans were increasingly impoverished. The state provided free services in Rome such as a modest grain allowance and public baths.

What purposes did state-sponsored statues of Augustus serve during his reign?

They connected Augustus personally to his building projects. They reminded viewers of Augustus's power and dignity.

Identify the ways in which Marius and Sulla undermined Roman political traditions.

They recruited soldiers who fought for pay rather than for Rome itself. They fought against their fellow Romans, in some cases having their enemies hunted down.

What do these excerpts reveal about the everyday concerns of Pompeii's people?

They used graffiti to advertise for services. They used graffiti to share their opinions on social behavior and issues in the city. They used graffiti to advocate for support for politicians.

What were two of the reasons for the growth of gladiatorial games and the hunts of wild animals in the arenas?

distracting common people with free or cheap entertainment celebrating traditional Roman martial virtues

Compared to other ancient cultures, Romans were surprisingly indifferent to the role of the gods in their lives.

false

Rome's most important advantage before the founding of the Republic was the fact that Romans were much more sophisticated and advanced than other peoples in Italy.

false

Under Augustus, the Senate played a merely ceremonial role and did not actually take part in Rome's governance.

false

Identify two examples of how Romans expressed their cultural values publicly.

funeral processions military triumphs

Identify the prominent form of written expression among common Romans that is still very much in use today.

graffiti

What was Julius Caesar's main source of authority?

his incredible military success

What was the day-to-day vernacular language of the Romans?

latin

What contributed to the modest increase in autonomy for women during Augustus's reign?

new laws giving control of the marriage dowry to wives

What was one of the most important skills or characteristics for a Roman politician to possess in the Republic, as demonstrated by the career of Cicero?

oratory skills

What was one essential element of Roman culture that was celebrated among ordinary citizens and elites alike?

self-sacrifice: the willingness to put the good of Rome ahead of one's own safety

What were some of the major themes in the literature of the "golden age" of Latin under Augustus?

the Roman past love and desire

What was one of the key Roman political values, as illustrated in Roman legends about their past?

the importance of the Republic over any individual politician or soldier

What two problems led to conflict in the last century of the Republic?

the political dominance of the Roman aristocracy extortion by governors and tax-farmers in the provinces

By the end of the Punic Wars, Rome held territory not only in Italy and Africa, but across much of the Mediterranean region as a whole.

true

The creation of the aqueducts by 100 BCE represented a positive change for Roman commoners in the major cities.

true