CH 9 SB

Process ___ is based on comparing the current amount of outcome variation against outcome specifications.

capability

The framework for statistical process control begins with ___ analysis.

capability

The process ___ index tells us how many standard deviations we can move away from the statistical mean before causing a defect.

capability

To calculate the ___ line of a control chart you compute the average of the mean for every period.

center

The C in SPC stands for ___

control

The ___ probability is the likelihood a randomly chosen flow unit does not meet specifications.

defect

An airline tracking defects corresponding to lost luggage, a pharmacy trying to reduce the number of patients who were provided the wrong drugs, or a data entry operation struggling with handwriting recognition all face Blank______ outcomes (a unit is either defective or not).

discrete

Environmental variables ___ (do/do not) affect process outcomes.

do

Another strategy for making a process robust is to set up ___ warning signs for when input and environmental variables exhibit variation that could lead to a defect.

early

The distance between the center line and the LCL is ___ the distance between the center line and the UCL.

equal to

The larger the estimated standard deviation, the _blank​_ the quantity UCL-LCL.

larger

The looser the design specifications (e.g. the larger the quantity USL-LSL) the _blank​_ the target variation.

larger

For x-bar charts the _blank​_ of each sample is plotted on the y-axis.

mean

The probability of a unit falling below the LSL and the probability of a unit being above the USL is the same when the ___ of the distribution is in the middle of the tolerance interval.

mean

The more steps in a process the _blank​_ likely a defect.

more

Variation that is due to randomness is referred to as ___ variation or ___ cause variation.

natural; common

A fishbone diagram graphically represents the causal relationship between input and environmental variables and a specific ___

outcome

In a fishbone diagram, a horizontal arrow points at the name of the ___ variable to analyze.

outcome

Specifications are acceptable values for _blank​_ variables that indicate whether the output of a process is defective.

outcome

The process capability index is the ratio between the specification and the variation in which type of variable?

outcome

___ variables measure the quality of the outcome of a process

outcome

For a p-chart the center line is the average _blank​_.

percentage of defects over all samples

When all steps have to be performed correctly for a unit to be good the probability of a good unit is the _blank​_ of the probability of each step being performed correctly.

product

Defect probability is the likelihood with which a _blank​_ chosen flow unit does not meet specifications.

randomly

A ___ process is designed to do well, even under very exceptional conditions.

robust

A ___ process is one where variation in input or environmental variables does not lead to large variation in outcome variables.

robust

A ___ cause is a change in an environmental or input variable that initiated a defect.

root

The idea of the "5 Whys" is to keep asking "why did this happen" until a ___ cause is found.

root

The input or environmental variables for which the variation lead to a defect are referred to as the ___ cause of the defect.

root

Few defects will be produced when the actual process variation is _blank​_ than the target variation.

smaller

The greater the variation in outcome variables the _blank​_ the process capability index.

smaller

The higher the process capability index, the _blank​_ the ppm.

smaller

The larger the sample size, the _blank​_ the estimated standard deviation.

smaller

Assignable cause variation occurs because of a _blank​_ change in input or environmental variables

specific

A beverage bottling company that states that all bottles filled beyond 20.01 ounces are too full. 20.01 ounces is an example of an upper ___ limit.

specification

The output of a process is determined to be defective by comparing outcome variables against a set of ___ .

specifications

The S in SPC stands for ___

statistical

The defect probability is the _blank​_ of the probability that a unit falls below the LSL and the probability that a unit falls above the USL.

sum

Which are terms used to describe variations that may appear in output, even when inputs are the same?

-Natural variation -Common cause variation

Defects are caused by variation in _blank​_ variables.

-environmental -input

Control charts plot data over ___

time

True or false: The basic idea of the "Five Whys" is to continually question whether a potential cause is the ROOT cause or merely a symptom of the root cause.

true

Capability analysis helps one infer that one process is better than another by measuring the process ___ . (Enter one word in the blank.)

variation

A unit is acceptable if it falls _blank​_ the specification limits.

within

In the framework for statistical process control which type of variation is investigated and eliminated?

Assignable

Which kind of variation is due to a systematic issue?

Assignable cause

For a farmer growing corn, what kind of variable is the weather?

Environmental

What is true about environmental variables.

They are not under the control of management.

The estimate of the standard deviation of the output unit is based on _blank​_ the output units.

a sample of

X-bar charts can be used to document trends over time and to identify unexpected drifts (e.g., resulting from the wear of a tool) or jumps (e.g., resulting from a new person operating a process step), corresponding to Blank______ causes of variation.

assignable

To calculate the center line of a control chart you compute the _blank​_ of the mean for every period.

average

Which type of outcome is exemplified by an automobile manufacturer tracking the frequency with which cars are defective?

binary

Which are examples of assignable cause variation?

-A bottling machine constantly overfills bottles by .2 ounces. -A new worker performs a task more slowly than an experienced worker.

Which actions are part of capability analysis?

-Determine likelihood of defects. -Measure outcome variation. -Compare outcome variation to outcome specifications.

Which are examples of input variables in an agricultural process over which management has control?

-How close together seed is planted -How often plants are watered -What type of fertilizer is used

A root cause is a change in which kind of variable? (More than one may be correct.)

-Input -Environmental

For a process to be "six sigma," its capability index must be at least ___

2

For a p-chart the lower control limit is ___ standard deviations below the center line.

3

For a p-chart the upper control limit is ___ standard deviations above the center line.

3

On which variables in a process does management exert the most control?

Input

For a farmer growing corn, what type of variable is the frequency with which the crops are watered using an irrigation system?

Input variable

Which variables are used to measure the quality of process output?

Outcome

Which variables measure the quality of the output of a process?

Outcome

Which probability do you multiply by 1,000,000 to get ppm?

Probability of a defective unit

Which of the following is true of a robust process?

Variation in input variables does not lead to large amount of variation in outcome variables.

Which should be used to measure the capability of a process?

Variation in outcome variables

When is a sample is in line with past process outcomes?

When it falls within the lower and upper control limits.