Ch 9: The Digestive System: The Essentials of the Language of Gastroenterology

Periodontists

Specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

Storage of glucose as glycogen Bile synthesis and secretion Synthesis of plasma proteins Detoxification of alcohol and drugs

Identify the paired salivary glands.

Sublingual Parotid Submandibular

Which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder?

Synthesis of bile

Proteins must be completely broken down into individual ______ ______ in order to be absorbed.

amino acids

Drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools

antidiarrheal

Which of the following disorders is caused by a virus?

cold sores

The muscular tube that transports a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach is the

esophagus

Ileum is resected and an ostomy is created

ileostomy

The removal of stomach contents using a tube inserted through the nose is

nasogatric aspiration

Resected end of the bowel opens onto the skin at a stoma

ostomy

Pancreatic enzymes move through the _______ duct, which joints the common bile duct before emptying into the _________

pancreatic duodenum

Secrete HCl, which converts pepsinogen to pepsin and activates gastric lipase

parietal cells

Gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected

periodontitis

The dentine (dentin) of an adult tooth surrounds a central ___________ _________, where blood vessels and nerves are found.

pulp cavity

The ring of smooth muscle that regulates passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the _________ _________

pyloric sphincter

The root in the term inhibitor means

repress

The S-shaped segment of the large intestine that lies between the descending colon and the rectum is the

sigmoid colon

Most protein digestion occurs in the _____

small intestine

Most water and nutrients are absorbed in the _____.

small intestine

The large intestine forms a perimeter around the central mass of the ________ ________ in the abdominal cavity

small intestine

Eighty percent of oral cancers are associated with ________ or chewing ________

smoking tobacco

Most dietary carbohydrates consist of _____.

starches

Regenerate the other gastric gland cells

stem cells

Opening in the skin where the resected bowel opens

stoma

Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the _____.

stomach

The calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums is ______.

tartar

Where is the liver located?

Below the ribs on the right, under the diaphragm

All of the following disorders can lead to malabsorption of nutrients EXCEPT which?

Constipation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

Excretion

Dyspepsia is characterized by

epigastric pain, nausea, and gas

Cancer of the small bowel

adenocarcinoma

Gastroenteritis can be caused by what?

Viruses Contaminated food Bacteria

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that causes __________, a yellowing of the skin and sclera.

jaundice

The tube that leads from the mouth to the anus is the

alimentary canal.

Agent that prevents vomiting.

antiemetic

Which of the following is NOT an imaging technique used to diagnose GI tract disorders?

Digital rectal exam

Beginning at the top, place the regions of the small intestine in order from first to last segment. Position 1 of 3 Jejunum incorrect toggle button unavailable Jejunum

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Virus transmitted by contaminated food.

Hepatitis A

Virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles

Hepatitis B

Most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles

Hepatitis C

Can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse

Hepatitis D

Similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries

Hepatitis E

What is an intestinal disorder that presents with chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and either diarrhea or constipation (or alternating bouts of both)?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Identify the functions of saliva.

It helps the food bolus to stick together. It begins the chemical digestion of starch and fat. It moistens the food to make it easier to swallow.

What is a digital rectal exam (DRE)?

Palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger

Proctologists

Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

Gastroenterologists

Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines

Dentists

Practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex

Select the correct statements about health professionals involved in gastrointestinal diagnosis and treatment.

Proctologists treat lower GI problems. Gastroenterologists treat disorders of the stomach and intestines. The role that dietitians and nutritionists have in common is promoting healthy eating habits.

Drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting.

antihistamine

The most common cause of acute pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant is

appendicitis

The role of the accessory organs of digestion is to

assist in digestion by secreting enzymes and other chemical substances.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is used to diagnose and treat problems of the

bilary ductal system

The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted into the _____.

blood

Angiography uses contrast dye to highlight which structure(s)?

blood vessels

Mouth ulcers are also known as

canker sores

A group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting.

cannabinoid

Dental __________ are tooth decay and cavity formation

caries

The term that means pertaining to the cecum is _____.

cecal

The Latin term for blind is

cecum

A disorder in which gluten in cereal grains damages the lining of the small intestines is _______ _______

celiac disease

Allergy to gluten that destroys the lining of the intestine, leading to malabsorption

celiac disease

An autoimmune disorder in which gluten must be avoided is

celiac disease

The most numerous cells in gastric glands; secrete pepsinogen

cheief cells

Chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism

cirrhosis

Part of the large intestine is resected and an ostomy is created

colostomy

The structure formed by the union of the hepatic duct and cystic duct is the ________ _________ duct

common bile

One role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is to break down

connective tissue in meat and plant cell walls.

Tooth decay and cavity formation

dental caries

Collection of microorganisms on the teeth

dental plague

The majority of a tooth is composed of ________ which is covered by an outer layer of

dentine enamel

A qualified professional in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex is a(n)

dentist

If you have a toothache, you see a ______.

dentist

The practitioners who treat disorders that occur in the oral cavity are

dentists and periodontists.

The large intestine is named for its

diameter

The word "small" in the term small intestines refers to this organ's

diameter

The exocrine secretions of the pancreas are

digestive enzymes

A severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in watery stools is _____.

dysentery

A general term for upset stomach with pain, bloating, and nausea is _____.

dyspepsia

The medical term for indigestion or "upset stomach" is

dyspepsia

The first step in lipid digestion is _________, the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones coated with _______ salts

emulsification bile

Secrete hormones, including gastrin

enteroendocrine cells

Lipase is an enzyme that digests triglyceride molecules into

fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Malignancy of the stomach

gastric ulcer

Inflammation of the stomach lining

gastritis

Infection of the stomach and intestines, causing vomiting and/or diarrhea; often caused by food poisoning

gastroenteritis

The medical term for the "stomach flu" is

gastroenteritis

Infection of the gums

gingivitis

Which of the following is a disorder of the gums?

gingivitis

Simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the

hepatic portal vein

Disruption of peristalsis in the ileum

ileus

The selective intake of food into the mouth is called

ingestion

The endocrine secretions of the pancreas are

insulin. glucagon. hormones.

Part of the intestine slides into an adjacent segment

intussusception

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by _________ (lymphatic vessels) in the _________ of the small intestines

lacteals villi

The procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall to examine abdominopelvic organs is called

laparoscopy

An oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces.

laxative

The largest internal organ in the human body is the

liver

The mouth is the location where

mastication

The external opening of the oral cavity is the

mouth

The first site involved in mechanical and chemical digestion is the _________

mouth

secrete mucus

mucous cells

The spongy gland located behind the stomach that has both exocrine and endocrine functions is the

pancreas

Erosion of the stomach and/or duodenal lining caused by H. pylori bacterium

peptic ulcer

The waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the bolus of food downward in the esophagus are called ______.

peristalsis

A ruptured appendix can lead to an infection of the abdominal cavity called _____.

peritonitis

The term celiac means

pertaining to the abdomen

Infection of gums with pus-like discharge

pyorrhea

Deglutition is the process of _________. It is accomplished by alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction called ___________.

swallowing peristalsis

The two most common sites of oral cancer are the

tongue lip

An extensive inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine's lining that causes bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance is _____.

ulcerative colitis

The small structure that hangs down from the soft palate and keeps food in the oral cavity until it is ready to be swallowed is the

uvula

Finger-like projections of the small intestine that contain blood vessels and are covered with absorptive cells are ________

villi

Forceful ejection of stomach contents upward

vomiting

Saliva is mostly ______.

water

Dietitian

Managers of food services who promote healthy eating

Nutritionists

Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating