Ch 9: The Digestive System: The Essentials of the Language of Gastroenterology
Periodontists
Specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
Which of the following are functions of the liver?
Storage of glucose as glycogen Bile synthesis and secretion Synthesis of plasma proteins Detoxification of alcohol and drugs
Identify the paired salivary glands.
Sublingual Parotid Submandibular
Which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder?
Synthesis of bile
Proteins must be completely broken down into individual ______ ______ in order to be absorbed.
amino acids
Drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools
antidiarrheal
Which of the following disorders is caused by a virus?
cold sores
The muscular tube that transports a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach is the
esophagus
Ileum is resected and an ostomy is created
ileostomy
The removal of stomach contents using a tube inserted through the nose is
nasogatric aspiration
Resected end of the bowel opens onto the skin at a stoma
ostomy
Pancreatic enzymes move through the _______ duct, which joints the common bile duct before emptying into the _________
pancreatic duodenum
Secrete HCl, which converts pepsinogen to pepsin and activates gastric lipase
parietal cells
Gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected
periodontitis
The dentine (dentin) of an adult tooth surrounds a central ___________ _________, where blood vessels and nerves are found.
pulp cavity
The ring of smooth muscle that regulates passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the _________ _________
pyloric sphincter
The root in the term inhibitor means
repress
The S-shaped segment of the large intestine that lies between the descending colon and the rectum is the
sigmoid colon
Most protein digestion occurs in the _____
small intestine
Most water and nutrients are absorbed in the _____.
small intestine
The large intestine forms a perimeter around the central mass of the ________ ________ in the abdominal cavity
small intestine
Eighty percent of oral cancers are associated with ________ or chewing ________
smoking tobacco
Most dietary carbohydrates consist of _____.
starches
Regenerate the other gastric gland cells
stem cells
Opening in the skin where the resected bowel opens
stoma
Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the _____.
stomach
The calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums is ______.
tartar
Where is the liver located?
Below the ribs on the right, under the diaphragm
All of the following disorders can lead to malabsorption of nutrients EXCEPT which?
Constipation
Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?
Excretion
Dyspepsia is characterized by
epigastric pain, nausea, and gas
Cancer of the small bowel
adenocarcinoma
Gastroenteritis can be caused by what?
Viruses Contaminated food Bacteria
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that causes __________, a yellowing of the skin and sclera.
jaundice
The tube that leads from the mouth to the anus is the
alimentary canal.
Agent that prevents vomiting.
antiemetic
Which of the following is NOT an imaging technique used to diagnose GI tract disorders?
Digital rectal exam
Beginning at the top, place the regions of the small intestine in order from first to last segment. Position 1 of 3 Jejunum incorrect toggle button unavailable Jejunum
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Virus transmitted by contaminated food.
Hepatitis A
Virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles
Hepatitis B
Most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles
Hepatitis C
Can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse
Hepatitis D
Similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries
Hepatitis E
What is an intestinal disorder that presents with chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and either diarrhea or constipation (or alternating bouts of both)?
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Identify the functions of saliva.
It helps the food bolus to stick together. It begins the chemical digestion of starch and fat. It moistens the food to make it easier to swallow.
What is a digital rectal exam (DRE)?
Palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger
Proctologists
Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus
Gastroenterologists
Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines
Dentists
Practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex
Select the correct statements about health professionals involved in gastrointestinal diagnosis and treatment.
Proctologists treat lower GI problems. Gastroenterologists treat disorders of the stomach and intestines. The role that dietitians and nutritionists have in common is promoting healthy eating habits.
Drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting.
antihistamine
The most common cause of acute pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant is
appendicitis
The role of the accessory organs of digestion is to
assist in digestion by secreting enzymes and other chemical substances.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is used to diagnose and treat problems of the
bilary ductal system
The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted into the _____.
blood
Angiography uses contrast dye to highlight which structure(s)?
blood vessels
Mouth ulcers are also known as
canker sores
A group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting.
cannabinoid
Dental __________ are tooth decay and cavity formation
caries
The term that means pertaining to the cecum is _____.
cecal
The Latin term for blind is
cecum
A disorder in which gluten in cereal grains damages the lining of the small intestines is _______ _______
celiac disease
Allergy to gluten that destroys the lining of the intestine, leading to malabsorption
celiac disease
An autoimmune disorder in which gluten must be avoided is
celiac disease
The most numerous cells in gastric glands; secrete pepsinogen
cheief cells
Chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism
cirrhosis
Part of the large intestine is resected and an ostomy is created
colostomy
The structure formed by the union of the hepatic duct and cystic duct is the ________ _________ duct
common bile
One role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is to break down
connective tissue in meat and plant cell walls.
Tooth decay and cavity formation
dental caries
Collection of microorganisms on the teeth
dental plague
The majority of a tooth is composed of ________ which is covered by an outer layer of
dentine enamel
A qualified professional in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex is a(n)
dentist
If you have a toothache, you see a ______.
dentist
The practitioners who treat disorders that occur in the oral cavity are
dentists and periodontists.
The large intestine is named for its
diameter
The word "small" in the term small intestines refers to this organ's
diameter
The exocrine secretions of the pancreas are
digestive enzymes
A severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in watery stools is _____.
dysentery
A general term for upset stomach with pain, bloating, and nausea is _____.
dyspepsia
The medical term for indigestion or "upset stomach" is
dyspepsia
The first step in lipid digestion is _________, the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones coated with _______ salts
emulsification bile
Secrete hormones, including gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
Lipase is an enzyme that digests triglyceride molecules into
fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Malignancy of the stomach
gastric ulcer
Inflammation of the stomach lining
gastritis
Infection of the stomach and intestines, causing vomiting and/or diarrhea; often caused by food poisoning
gastroenteritis
The medical term for the "stomach flu" is
gastroenteritis
Infection of the gums
gingivitis
Which of the following is a disorder of the gums?
gingivitis
Simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the
hepatic portal vein
Disruption of peristalsis in the ileum
ileus
The selective intake of food into the mouth is called
ingestion
The endocrine secretions of the pancreas are
insulin. glucagon. hormones.
Part of the intestine slides into an adjacent segment
intussusception
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by _________ (lymphatic vessels) in the _________ of the small intestines
lacteals villi
The procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall to examine abdominopelvic organs is called
laparoscopy
An oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces.
laxative
The largest internal organ in the human body is the
liver
The mouth is the location where
mastication
The external opening of the oral cavity is the
mouth
The first site involved in mechanical and chemical digestion is the _________
mouth
secrete mucus
mucous cells
The spongy gland located behind the stomach that has both exocrine and endocrine functions is the
pancreas
Erosion of the stomach and/or duodenal lining caused by H. pylori bacterium
peptic ulcer
The waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the bolus of food downward in the esophagus are called ______.
peristalsis
A ruptured appendix can lead to an infection of the abdominal cavity called _____.
peritonitis
The term celiac means
pertaining to the abdomen
Infection of gums with pus-like discharge
pyorrhea
Deglutition is the process of _________. It is accomplished by alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction called ___________.
swallowing peristalsis
The two most common sites of oral cancer are the
tongue lip
An extensive inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine's lining that causes bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance is _____.
ulcerative colitis
The small structure that hangs down from the soft palate and keeps food in the oral cavity until it is ready to be swallowed is the
uvula
Finger-like projections of the small intestine that contain blood vessels and are covered with absorptive cells are ________
villi
Forceful ejection of stomach contents upward
vomiting
Saliva is mostly ______.
water
Dietitian
Managers of food services who promote healthy eating
Nutritionists
Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating