CH E 420 Quiz 1
OSHA PSM
Process Safety Managemtn of Highly Hazardous Chemicals--> primary concern: worker safety
Mitigative safeguard
reduces the consequence after an accident has occurred; ex: ventilation systems and flammable gas detector
Personal Safety
slips, trips, and falls; cuts and scrapes, lab safety rules, PPE
Toxicology
study of chemical and physical agents affect biological systems
leading indicators
supports the PSM program managemtn and used to predict performance; ex: time to complete accident investigations, attendence at required safety meetings,
toxic hazard
the likelihood of damage to a biological system based on the exposure. Acute < 24 hours exposure. Chronic >24 hours exposure.
incident
the loss of control of material or energy
outcome
the physical manifestation of an accident (fire, explosion, toxic release, etc.)
risk
the probability and consequence of an accident R=FxC
safety
the strategy for accident prevention
what makes a substance harmful
toxicity and dose
Consequence
what results from the accident outcome (fatalities, injuries, evacuations, environmental damage, property damage, lawsuit, business loss,etc)
questions to ask
why do accidents occur?-we use hazardous materials and energy how do accident occur?- what must we do to prevent them?-inherently safer design, passive control, active control when do accidents occur?-throughout the lifecycle o fa plant
Hierarchy of Safety Program
0-no safety-maybe even disdain for safety 1-reacting-to accidents as they occur 2-complying-focuses on adhering to rules and regulations 3-management systems: based on job safety assessment (JSA), lock-out, tag-out (LOTO), or another approach 4- performance-monitoring using statistics to drive continous improvement 5- adapting-safety is a core value of the organization and a primary driver for a successful enterprise
risk based process safety
1. Commit to Process Safety 2. Understand Hazards and Risks 3. Manage Risk 4. Learn from Experience
TLV-TWA
A time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour work week, to which nearly all workers can be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect Threshold limit value-time weighted average
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (they set the TLVs)
CCPS
Center for Chemical Process Safety
DHS CFATS
Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standard-> primary concern: keeping hazardous material out of hands who would do harm
Safety Triangle
Culture, Technical, and Management Culture--a common set of values, behaviors and norms at all levels of an organization that affect process safety Technical--the characterization and control of hazards Management--policies and procedures for safety
Flixborough, England
June 1974. Reactor 5 was removed. Reactor 4 was attached to reactor 6 and bellow-type piping was used to connect them over the gap. Think bypass bellow section ruptured and cyclohexane (30 tons) volatilized and formed a vapor cloud which exploded 45 seconds later. 28 died, 36 injured. 1821 houses affected, 167 shops/factories, 53 civilians injured. fire burned for 10 days. Had excessive inventory of dangerous compounds, bypass was barely thought out before installed
PEL
OSHA permissible exposure limit; has legal authority
EPA RMP
Risk Management Plan-> primary concern: effects to environment and community
TLV-C
Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of working exposure
TLV-STEL
Threshold Limit Value, Short Term Exposure Limit - Concentrations that workers can be exposed to for a short period of time (15 minutes)
toxicant
a chemical or physical agent that can cause harm to a biological system
hazard
a chemical or physical agent that has potential to cause an accident
accident statistics
all are lagging indicators
accident
an unplanned event or sequence of events that results in an undesirable consequence
industrial hygiene
anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control anticipation-expectation of hazards identification-determine what hazards exist evaluation-magnitude of hazard control-mitigation of hazards
Process Safety
disciplined framework for managing the integrity of operating systems and processes handling hazardous substances by applying good design principles, engineering, and operating practices
how our bodies process toxicants
excretion-liver, kidneys, lungs; detroxification-liver, digestive tract; storage-> fat cells
Dr. Trevor Kletz
founding father of process safety
Bopal, India
gas was released from a factory and over 2000 people ended up dying
Sequence of events
hazard-initiating event->failure of preventive safeguards-> incident-> failure of mitigative safeguards->consequence
regulatory agencies
how to comply with laws; e.g. Clean air Act is the law, but the EPA sets limits and enforces
Industrial Hygiene
how to prevent exposures to chemical and physical agents
Methods of Exposure
ingestion-mouth-hygiene rules, wash hands, no food/drinking/smoking where there are chemicals skin absorption-skin-proper clothes, gloves, lab coats, PPE inhalation-nose and mouth-fume hoods, masks, respirators, ventilation injection-cuts in skin-guards on equipment, handling rules, gloves
Toxicity
inherent property of a toxicant that describes its effect on a biological system
Hierarchy of Risk Management
inherent, passive, active, procedural
Inherently Safer Design Strategies
minimize, substitute, moderate, simplify
4 Strategies of inherently safety design
minimize-> reduce the amount of hazards stored at site substitute-> switch a dangerous material for a less dangerous one moderate-> operate at less intense conditions, closer to ambient temperature and pressure simplify-> design process to be less complicated; minimize opportunities for failures to occur
lagging indicators
outcome-oriented metric like incident rate, downtime, quality issues; it is seen from past data; ex: number of injuries or fatalities, cost of property damage, # of excurions from safe operating limits
fatality rate
per person, per year
Preventive Safeguards
prevent an initiating even from proceeding to incident; ex: good maintenance, minimize quantities of hazardous material on site
loss prevention
prevention of injury to people, damage to environment, loss of equipment, inventory, or production
Risk
probabilityxconsequence
OSHA PSM
process safety management; manufacturing of explosives and processes involving threshold quantities of flammable liquids and flammable gasses
RAGAGEP
recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices
minimize, substitute, moderate, simplify
reduce quantity, replace to less hazardous and less extreme process condition--> consequence design process to be less complicated--> probability