CH E 420 Quiz 1

OSHA PSM

Process Safety Managemtn of Highly Hazardous Chemicals--> primary concern: worker safety

Mitigative safeguard

reduces the consequence after an accident has occurred; ex: ventilation systems and flammable gas detector

Personal Safety

slips, trips, and falls; cuts and scrapes, lab safety rules, PPE

Toxicology

study of chemical and physical agents affect biological systems

leading indicators

supports the PSM program managemtn and used to predict performance; ex: time to complete accident investigations, attendence at required safety meetings,

toxic hazard

the likelihood of damage to a biological system based on the exposure. Acute < 24 hours exposure. Chronic >24 hours exposure.

incident

the loss of control of material or energy

outcome

the physical manifestation of an accident (fire, explosion, toxic release, etc.)

risk

the probability and consequence of an accident R=FxC

safety

the strategy for accident prevention

what makes a substance harmful

toxicity and dose

Consequence

what results from the accident outcome (fatalities, injuries, evacuations, environmental damage, property damage, lawsuit, business loss,etc)

questions to ask

why do accidents occur?-we use hazardous materials and energy how do accident occur?- what must we do to prevent them?-inherently safer design, passive control, active control when do accidents occur?-throughout the lifecycle o fa plant

Hierarchy of Safety Program

0-no safety-maybe even disdain for safety 1-reacting-to accidents as they occur 2-complying-focuses on adhering to rules and regulations 3-management systems: based on job safety assessment (JSA), lock-out, tag-out (LOTO), or another approach 4- performance-monitoring using statistics to drive continous improvement 5- adapting-safety is a core value of the organization and a primary driver for a successful enterprise

risk based process safety

1. Commit to Process Safety 2. Understand Hazards and Risks 3. Manage Risk 4. Learn from Experience

TLV-TWA

A time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour work week, to which nearly all workers can be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect Threshold limit value-time weighted average

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (they set the TLVs)

CCPS

Center for Chemical Process Safety

DHS CFATS

Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standard-> primary concern: keeping hazardous material out of hands who would do harm

Safety Triangle

Culture, Technical, and Management Culture--a common set of values, behaviors and norms at all levels of an organization that affect process safety Technical--the characterization and control of hazards Management--policies and procedures for safety

Flixborough, England

June 1974. Reactor 5 was removed. Reactor 4 was attached to reactor 6 and bellow-type piping was used to connect them over the gap. Think bypass bellow section ruptured and cyclohexane (30 tons) volatilized and formed a vapor cloud which exploded 45 seconds later. 28 died, 36 injured. 1821 houses affected, 167 shops/factories, 53 civilians injured. fire burned for 10 days. Had excessive inventory of dangerous compounds, bypass was barely thought out before installed

PEL

OSHA permissible exposure limit; has legal authority

EPA RMP

Risk Management Plan-> primary concern: effects to environment and community

TLV-C

Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of working exposure

TLV-STEL

Threshold Limit Value, Short Term Exposure Limit - Concentrations that workers can be exposed to for a short period of time (15 minutes)

toxicant

a chemical or physical agent that can cause harm to a biological system

hazard

a chemical or physical agent that has potential to cause an accident

accident statistics

all are lagging indicators

accident

an unplanned event or sequence of events that results in an undesirable consequence

industrial hygiene

anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control anticipation-expectation of hazards identification-determine what hazards exist evaluation-magnitude of hazard control-mitigation of hazards

Process Safety

disciplined framework for managing the integrity of operating systems and processes handling hazardous substances by applying good design principles, engineering, and operating practices

how our bodies process toxicants

excretion-liver, kidneys, lungs; detroxification-liver, digestive tract; storage-> fat cells

Dr. Trevor Kletz

founding father of process safety

Bopal, India

gas was released from a factory and over 2000 people ended up dying

Sequence of events

hazard-initiating event->failure of preventive safeguards-> incident-> failure of mitigative safeguards->consequence

regulatory agencies

how to comply with laws; e.g. Clean air Act is the law, but the EPA sets limits and enforces

Industrial Hygiene

how to prevent exposures to chemical and physical agents

Methods of Exposure

ingestion-mouth-hygiene rules, wash hands, no food/drinking/smoking where there are chemicals skin absorption-skin-proper clothes, gloves, lab coats, PPE inhalation-nose and mouth-fume hoods, masks, respirators, ventilation injection-cuts in skin-guards on equipment, handling rules, gloves

Toxicity

inherent property of a toxicant that describes its effect on a biological system

Hierarchy of Risk Management

inherent, passive, active, procedural

Inherently Safer Design Strategies

minimize, substitute, moderate, simplify

4 Strategies of inherently safety design

minimize-> reduce the amount of hazards stored at site substitute-> switch a dangerous material for a less dangerous one moderate-> operate at less intense conditions, closer to ambient temperature and pressure simplify-> design process to be less complicated; minimize opportunities for failures to occur

lagging indicators

outcome-oriented metric like incident rate, downtime, quality issues; it is seen from past data; ex: number of injuries or fatalities, cost of property damage, # of excurions from safe operating limits

fatality rate

per person, per year

Preventive Safeguards

prevent an initiating even from proceeding to incident; ex: good maintenance, minimize quantities of hazardous material on site

loss prevention

prevention of injury to people, damage to environment, loss of equipment, inventory, or production

Risk

probabilityxconsequence

OSHA PSM

process safety management; manufacturing of explosives and processes involving threshold quantities of flammable liquids and flammable gasses

RAGAGEP

recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices

minimize, substitute, moderate, simplify

reduce quantity, replace to less hazardous and less extreme process condition--> consequence design process to be less complicated--> probability