Ch.1, 2, 3, 4 Psychology 101
structuralism is a school of psychology introduced by
Edward Titchener
three of the following people are practicing meditation to achieve an altered state of consciousness. which person is NOT practicing one of the various forms of meditation?
Genevieve consciously tries to stop her inner thought processes
the philosopher who promoted dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem was
René Descartes
the person who is most closely associated with the study of the unconscious is
Sigmund Freud
the person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was
Wilhelm Wundt
the psychologist most closely associated with the school of functionalism is
William James
the first cell of new life, which is created from the union of the sperm & the egg, is known as
a zygote
Malcolm knows that environmental factors can influence his child in many different ways & they first begin to have an effect on children
about two weeks after conception
according to the global workspace model, consciousness is a function of
activity in specific brain regions
your nervous system allows you to do all of the following EXCEPT
alter genetic codes
during the strange-situation test, Grady begins crying when his mom leaves the room. when his mom returns, Grady holds up his arms, asking to be picked up. however, when his mom picks him up, he pushes her away angrily. Grady's behavior is consistent with a(n) ____ attachment style
ambivalent
which of the following brain structures plays an important role in how we respond to fearful things?
amygdala
drugs that increase the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA
are used to treat anxiety
which of the following types of infants seem to show little interest for their caregivers when they leave or return & are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment?
avoidantly attached
Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. however, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. after reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that
babies need to be touched & held to develop normally
Kate's brain has suffered damage to its right hemisphere. which of the following tasks is LEAST likely to be affected?
balancing her checkbook
Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, & like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?
bananas
which statement best captures historical trends in cognitive psychology?
before the 1980s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses on both the mind & the brain
the psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is
behaviorism
which of the following is NOT an example of consciousness
being in a persistent vegetative state
"friendly skepticism" means
being open to new ideas, while also being careful before accepting them
in the nature/nurture debate, the term nature refers to the question of how ____ factors affect the mind, brain, & behavior
biological
in a research study, participants were shown images with the houses superimposed on faces & asked whether they saw a house or a face. when researchers looked at the participants' brain responses during this task, what did they find?
brain activity changed depending on whether participants said they saw a house or a face
you want to convince your friend that the relationship between the conscious mind & the physical brain is best explained by the materialism view. to do this, you should provide evidence that
brain processes create the experiences of the mind
the part of the neuron that collects information from other neurons & integrates it is the
cell body
the brain & the spinal cord make up the ____ nervous system
central
the spinal cord is part of the ____ nervous system
central
damage to the ____ night cause problems with coordination & balance
cerebellum
hypnosis, meditation, & drug use all allow individuals to
change the quality of their consciousness
the ____ domain relates to how we think, reason, & communicate
cognitive
Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio-emotional development. Kara correctly says that Harlow's results demonstrate that
comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed
one way to achieve an altered state of consciousness is by focusing your attention on one thing, like your pattern of breathing. a deep sense of tranquility can be achieved through this process of ____ meditation
concentrative
Angie has brain surgery. although she can function quite normally, she is unable to verbally report the name of an object that is shown to her left visual field. however, when the same object is shown to her right visual field, she can verbally name the object. based on this information, Angie's brain surgery likely involved serving the
corpus callosum
according to the textbook, "friendly skepticism" is an important element in a type of reasoning called
critical thinking
the belief that the mind & body are separate but intertwined describes
dualism
a baby developing in his or her mother's womb will begin developing lungs during the ____ period
embryonic
which of the following actions does NOT typically happen during sleep?
experiencing conscious awareness
Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups & compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. the group that gets the treatment is the ____ group
experimental
according to structuralism, the goal of psychology is to
explore the basic elements of the conscious experience
Becca is at her regular prenatal checkup. the doctor tells her, "The organs are highly developed & now we mainly want the baby to gain weight." based on this, Becca's baby is currently in the ____ stage of development
fetal
Taylor was in a car accident when she was six months pregnant. her doctors are worried that the accident may have caused problems with prenatal development because she is in the ____ period
fetal
when a neuron is stimulated enough, it
fires an action potential
one's motivations & emotions are controlled by the
forebrain
Charles Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species' had its strongest influence on the school of thought called
functionalism
Juan believes that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for consciousness. Pierre disagrees, saying that no single area of the brain is responsible for consciousness, & that instead specific areas process certain types of information. Pierre most likely believes in the ____ model of consciousness.
global workspace
the spinal cord is composed of two distinct types of tissue. one type of tissue is composed of the cell bodies of neurons, which do not have myelin on their axons. this tissue in the spinal cord is called
gray matter
Quincy is four years old, & he has intellectual disability & a slightly misshapen face. what most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?
he was exposed to a teratogen
a research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development, but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy. researchers are worried that this will most likely affect
heart development
Ralph's infant daughter was born with a preventable birth defect because she was exposed to a teratogen. Ralph's daughter may have all of the following EXCEPT
high birth weight
the brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories is the
hippocampus
the part of the brain that is NOT involved in maintains sleep/wake cycles is the
hippocampus
Shayne works as a researcher conducting studies in developmental psychology. which of the research questions is Shayne LEAST likely to address in his work?
how is auditory information processed in the brain?
Camden is explaining all the different stages of development he has learned in his introductory psychology class. which of the following is the correct order for all of the periods of human development?
infancy, childhood, adulthood, & adolescence
if you are asked to list all the thoughts & experiences you have while answering a test question, you would be engaging in
introspection
which of the following best summarizes the main function(s) of your nervous system?
it allows you to receive sensory information, process that information, & then respond to it
in her dream, Lisa has just won the lottery. her friend interprets the dream as Lisa's unconscious obsession with money & wealth. her friend's statement indicates that she is focusing on the ____ content of the dream.
latent
you tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake. Betty says it means that you have an unconscious desire to drop out of college and become a baker. Betty's statement is describing the ____ content of the dream.
latent
in a person with a normally functioning brain, the part of the brain that typically controls speech is the
left hemisphere
the fact that the brain acts as an interpreter refers to the ability of the
left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense
in the nervous system, each neuron communicates with
many other neurons in an organized network
basic survival functions such as heart rate are controlled by the hindbrain structure called the
medulla
Allanah has declared psychology as her major. because of this, Allanah will most likely study
mental activity, behavior, and the brain
the area of the brain that allows one to initiate voluntary motor activity is the
midbrain
in the nervous system, the cells that receive, integrate, & transmit information are the
neurons
the basic building blocks of the nervous system are the
neurons
the human body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called
neurons
Neurons are able to communicate when
neurotransmitters cross the synapse & bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite
a child gets a severe blow to the head from an accident. although her eyes are still fully functional, she can no longer see. based on this information, her doctor determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the ____ lobes
occipital
visual information is primarily processed in the ____ loves of the cerebral cortex
occipital
consciousness is best define as
one's subjective experiences of the external world & one's mental activity
the part of the brain that is responsible for the sense of touch & for picturing the layout of spaces in the environment is the ____ lobes
parietal
which of the following domains of development relates to changes in levels of hormones & growth of the body, including the brain?
physical domain
the basal ganglia is a brain structure that is important in
planning & producing movement
Jane is four months pregnant. when describing how her baby is developing, Jane is most likely talking about changes that occur during the ____ period.
prenatal
which of the following statements best describes psychology?
psychological principles are highly applicable to everyday life
Mandy typically gets a good night of sleep. however, last night, she stayed up all night studying for her exam. after this one night of sleep deprivation, the next day Mandy will most likely have trouble
reading a book in a quiet room
which of the following is most likely an example of a controlled process?
roller-skating for the first time
which style of attachment shown by 60-65 percent of infants indicates that they are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress & are comfortable playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present?
secure
Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess. however, she does have wine with dinner every evening. when Lila is two weeks pregnant, she asks you whether this can injure her baby. what correct response can you give her?
she should stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born
Monique was born with an intellectual disability. which of the following most likely caused this outcome?
she was exposed to mercury in the womb
which of the following statements does NOT describe an adaptive & beneficial function of sleep?
sleep allows us to imagine & dream
an early school of psychology used introspection to study the basic elements of mental experiences. this school of psychology was called
structuralism
altered consciousness can be achieved through all of the following EXCEPT
subliminal perception
in an experiment, researchers found that when given the word pair 'ocean-moon,' followed by the word 'detergent,' participants typically said the word 'tide.' when asked to explain their word choice, participants were unaware that the word pair had influenced their responses. this supports the concept of
subliminal perception
the site where communication occurs between neurons is called the
synapse
critical thinking is best defined as thinking that
systematically evaluates information
Barry states that psychology is the study of mental activity. Candace remarks that psychology is the science of behavior. Which is the correct evaluation of these two statements?
taken together, the statements are correct
which of the following is NOT associated with an altered state of consciousness
talking on the phone while taking a walk
Julia is pregnant & she wants to keep healthy throughout her pregnancy. since her house is old, she has it checked for lead paint because she is afraid of the effect of ____ on the fetus
teratogens
functionalism is the school of thought concerned with
the adaptive purposes of the mind & behavior
dualism is the classic idea in psychology that
the mind and the brain are separate entities
which of the following is the best definition of psychology?
the study of mental activity & behavior based on brain processes
Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?
the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes
you notice that the more you wear your lucky shirt, the better your mood. what conclusion should you draw from this observation?
there is a correlation between your mood & your lucky shirt
in the nervous system, the job of the axons is to ____ other neurons
transmit action potentials to
Byron drinks five cups of coffee each day during the work week. whenever he sleeps late on Saturdays, he wakes up with a headache that only goes away when he has a cup of coffee. based on this you know that Byron is most likely experiencing
withdrawal
in an experiment, researchers found that when given the word pair 'ocean-moon,' followed by the word 'detergent,' participants typically said the word 'tide.' participants were then asked why they said 'tide.' which of the following explanations was a participant LEAST likely to give?
"The 'ocean-moon' word pair reminded me of the tide"
you are discussing your psychology class with your aunt Annalise. she asks you, "can psychology really help people study?" you correctly answer,
"yes; psychology provides us with techniques for improving memory & understanding"
Phillip cannot wait for his son Baxter to start saying words so that Phillip can finally understand what Baxter needs. Phillip knows that for most babies, this will occur at around ____ months
12
Dr. Keshari examined newborn baby Arly for the grasping reflex during his first checkup. what behavior was Dr. Keshari looking for?
Arly automatically curled his fingers when his palm was stroked