ch.1 adulthood

list the 3 components to functional age

-biological -psychological -social

list the 4 principles of adult development and aging

-continuity changes -only the survivors grow old -individuality matters -normal aging

describe history graded influences

-events that happen to everyone in certain time periods within a culture (regardless of age) ex: 9/11, WW11 Veterans, rise of technology, hurricanes -individual doesn't have to experience these events directly to be affected ex: 2008 recession affected large sectors of economy

what are the 3 types of the normal aging is different than disease principle that gerontologists categorize

-primary aging -secondary aging -tertiary aging all of these accumulate and cause death

5 ways to shorten your life

1. Being overweight 2. Drinking and driving 3. Eating inadequate fruits and vegetables 4. Being physically inactive 5. Smoking

What is the biopsychosocial perspective?

A view of development as a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes

describe social economic status (SES) in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

Aka social class reflects people's position in the educational and occupational ranks of a society Based on education, occupation, and income. affects person's course of development because lower class ppl usually have lower health status then someone who's wealthier

describe ethnicity in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

Cultural background of an individual they reflect predominant values, attitudes, and expectations in which individual has been raised. discrimination could also be seen here

T or F: non normative influences are only negative

FALSE they can be + or - and can happen instantly or be manifested

what's the difference between personal and social aging?

Personal aging: Changes that occur within the individual, reflecting time's effects on the body Social aging: Effects of person's exposure to a changing environment

describe normal age graded influences

ages expected by society to be assossiated with certain life events ex: what's the age tht people get married according to society?

define functional age

another way to classify based on how people actually perform

describe the individuality matters principle

as people age, they become more different from one another (why? bc of their experiences lived or bc it's a statistical fluke) occurs in ppl's physical functioning, psychological performance, relationships, personality, etc

describe race in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

based on person's self identification ex: most frequently used: White, Black or African American, American Indian, etc allow selection of more than one racial category.

Changes in muscle mass represent a _________ component of the biopsychosocial model?

biological

what is normal age graded influences partially linked to?

biological aging process (esp parenthood)

describe secondary aging

changes over time lead to impairment due to disease rather than normal aging ex: skin pigmentation bc of cancer

define social processes

context we grow up in, culture, history

The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion.

continuity

define inter-individual differences

differences between people ex: if you have Alzheimer's at 70 yrs old you have a smaller hippocampus (memory) however, not all 70 yr olds are the same ex: a 20 yr old and a 70 yr old can have the same hippocampus volume

describe the social component in relation to functional age

evaluating where ppl are compared to the typical ages expected for people to be when they occupy certain positions in life ex: parental, grandparents, work role, retirement (a 70 yr old who's still working has a younger social age than a person who is 66 and is retired) (how old are we supposed to be when we retire)

T or F: the life expectancy has been decreasing

false!! it's been increasing

describe only the normal aging is different than disease principle

growing older doesn't necessarily mean you're getting sicker important for practical and scientific reasons to distinguish between normal aging and disease bc a disease needs treatment

The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as________________.

health expectancy

describe the biological component in relation to functional age

how well people are able to perform bodily functions ex: heart rate, blood levels, bone strength need lots of data

give an example of continuity changes

if you were hard on your body when you were younger, chances are that when you're older, the chances you'll undergo will be more negative than if you took good care of yourself

ageing occurs within the __________ but is shaped by ________ occurring in the individual's context

individual events

describe gender in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

individual's identification as being male or female ex: gender influences course of adult development in areas of education and employment (e.g., women face more restricted range of choices, and lower earnings than men)

describe religion in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

individual's identification with an organized belief system (ex: going to church...) provides many people with a source of coping strategies, social support in times of crisis, and a systematic basis for interpreting life experiences.

The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that__________

individuality matters

describe sex in reference to social factors in adult development and aging

inherited biological gender female or male ex: sex hormones influence timing and nature of physical aging processes (estrogen plays a role in affecting a women's risk of heart disease, bone loss, cancer)

what are the 2 types of categories that describe how people are different from each other according to the individuality matters principle?

inter-individual difference intra-individual difference

Define life span

max age for a given species

has the life span changed for humans?

no

Which type of influence on development is said to occur when it affects one individual or a small set of individuals with no systematic relationship to age or date?

non normative

what are 3 Influences that impact the interaction between individual and context?

normal age graded influences history graded influences non normative influences

describe primary aging

normal cycle of aging ex: wrinkles, white hair, memory change, attention span, reaction time, etc

define health expectancy

number of years a person can expect to live in good health and with little disability if current mortality and mobility rates persist

describe the research implications used with the principle that only the survivors grow old

one can't predict the survivor bc younger and older people are being selected in a group where there's a wider group of young ppl you can't conclude that age caused older ppl to have specific characteristic they have now -- they may always have been a special subset of their own age group ex: older ppl = less likely to take risks and engage in criminal behavior than younger adults however the older adults may not have changed at all but are the only ones left in their generation

give an example of a age related gain?

optimal aging changes that improve individual functioning ex: exercise, reading, social relationships, etc

Who are the baby boomers?

people born between 1946 and 1964 (post WW11)

describe the psychological component in relation to functional age

performance in measures ex: memory, reaction time, learning ability

define biological processes

physiological factors; genetics

The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age.

psychological

describe non normative influences

random events that could happen through life ex: winning the lottery, car accident, immigration, chronic illness

describe tertiary aging

rapid loss of functioning before death aka terminal decline

list reasons for an increase in life expectancy

reduced death rates for children and adults

Developing diabetes at 67 years is an example of ________ aging.

secondary

how do social and cultural aspects of race can influences adult development?

several illnesses have a higher prevalence among minority populations, leading to significant disparities in health of these two groups. can link lack of opportunities for education and employment, and discrimination into this too

list Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging

sex gender ethnicity social class race religion

describe only the survivors grow old principle

states that people who live to old age are the ones who managed to outlive the several threats that could have caused earlier death they are more likely to take care of themselves and they managed to avoid random causes (being killed in an accident, natural disaster death, etc) suggests tht they inherited good genes, emotional, social (support system), and physical health

define age

study of ageing implies that age is a major variable of interest typically chronological (age in years, months) however it's not necessarily tied to the aging process

People who live past the age of 110 are now considered _________.

supercentenarians

Define life expectancy

the average length of life for people born in a certain time interval ex: 62.9 years in 1940 to 78.8 years in 2013

describe the continuity changes principle

they are continouous over ones lifespan sense of self is majorly thought of (you know you're the same person you always were, despite growing older) cumulative changes tht ppl experience in later adulthood build on experiences they had in their earlier years

define psychological processes

thoughts, feelings, behavior (attitude abt growing older), cognitions, emotions, personality

what's the ideal situation to have with health and life expectancy?

to have both aka compression of morbidity

T or F: When developmental psychologists study the aging process it is difficult to disentangle those internal changes (or personal aging) from those that reflects a changing world (or social aging)

true

why do 65+ US women outnumber men?

usually aren't as involved in risky behavior and because of underlying biological conditions

define intra-individual differences

variations in performance within the same individual some functions may increase over time, while others may decrease and some may stay the same not all systems develop at the same rate within person this development is multi directional

are there racial variations in the over 65 population?

yes in fact Hispanics will show largest increases form 7.3% to 18.4%

list the divisions by age in adulthood

young adult -> 18 or 20 to 40 - 45 middle adult -> 40- 45 to 60 - 65 late adult -> 60 - 65 to end of life young old -> 60 - 65 to 74 old old -> 75 to 84 oldest old -> 85+ centenarians -> 100-109 super centenarians -> 110+