Ch.1 Online

Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.

1. conceptionalize a problem or process that needs to be studied 2. collect data 3. analyze data 4. draw conclusions

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

Dr. Nelson states that with subjects at about age ________, he can switch from EEG to fMRI.

5 and above

Out of the thousands of postcards Dr. Yonas sends out to new parents hoping for new subjects, he gets about ________ of them back stating the parents are interested in providing data.

8-10 percent

Which of the following are examples of normative age-graded influences?

A 90-year-old finds that her physical health is declining. A 16-year-old learns to drive.

Which of these would be an example of a cross-cultural study?

A U.S. researcher compares the labor and delivery experiences of women in the United States versus Nigeria.

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

In this clip, Dr. Nelson discusses the difficulty of testing infants. Which of the following is NOT one of those difficulties?

Babies object to electrodes on their heads.

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

_____ refers to researchers' responsibility to keep the data collected private and anonymous.

Confidentiality

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?

Continuity in development

______ takes place after a study has been completed, and participants are informed about the researchers' purpose and methods used.

Debriefing

______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Development

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Developmental stages are turning points marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. Developmental stages are characterized by developmental tasks that must be resolved.

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

Gender refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.

A researcher found that self-esteem in school children is positively correlated with grades. In other words, the higher the child's self-esteem, the higher the child's grades tend to be. Further research indicated that a third variable may cause this correlation. Which of the following is most likely to be the third variable in this example?

IQ score

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

It involves growth and change. It occurs throughout life

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?

It is lifelong. It is multidimensional It is multidirectional

According to life-span experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

It is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development.

According to the life-span perspective, which age dominates development?

No age dominates development.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory information-processing theory

The father of psychoanalytic theory is

Sigmund Freud

______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic

Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation?

The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said.

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

There is a strong negative correlation between smoking while pregnant and the birth weight of the baby. This means which of the following?

The more you smoke while pregnant, the less your baby will weigh at birth.

What is one criticism of standardized tests?

They assume a person's behavior is consistent.

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of:

a cross-sectional study.

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of

a distinct way of thinking.

Daniel is an outgoing, popular high school student. He seeks out opportunities to socialize, such as joining various clubs at school and participating in team sports. Daniel's efforts to select experiences that are consistent with his genetic tendencies are known as a(n) ________ correlation.

active

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

at conception

The ______ processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature

biological

Jake has found a correlation between the amount of time he spends exercising every day and the number of hours he sleeps at night. The more he exercises, the longer he sleeps. However, his psychology instructor explained to him that correlation does not mean causation. This means that

by itself, the correlation doesn't say if more exercise causes longer sleep.

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Normative history-graded influences are

common to members of a particular generation.

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it

compares multiple cultures.

Dr. Sroufe discussing development. He argues that development is characterized by both

continuity and change

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as Multiple choice question.

cross-cultural

_____ -___ studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

cross-cultural

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.

cross-sectional

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development. Multiple choice question.

cultural experiences

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

culture

what term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

culture gender socioeconomic status ethnicity

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

descriptive

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span is known as

development

The ______ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

developmental

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood.

emerging

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as

emerging

The term ______ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

ethnicity

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Babies with an easy temperament tend to receive different responses from adults than babies with a difficult temperament. For instance, we are more likely to respond positively to a baby who is happy and social than to a baby who is irritable and generally negative in mood. This example illustrates a(n) ________ correlation.

evocative

The traditional approach to the study of development emphasizes the

extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false= all three

______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.

gender

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

genes inherited from parents cardiovascular decline brain development weight gain hormonal changes of puberty

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

getting an allowance after completing chores getting spanked for running in the street getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

getting spanked for running in the street

The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPT

good-evil

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

how we came to be this way who we are how we will age

Dr. Sroufe began his current research

in the third trimester of pregnancy

Vygotsky maintained that development

is inseparable from social and cultural influences

environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?

laboratory research

two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizing

laboratory research

Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called _______ development.

life-span

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. This highlights the view that development is considered to be

lifelong

The type of study that Dr. Sroufe is describing, in which he followed one group of individuals from infancy into early adulthood, is called a(n)

longitudinal study

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

microsystem mesosystem macrosystem chronosystem exosystem

Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted?

nationality cultural heritage race

David has been exercising more and losing weight. So far, he has lost 8 pounds. This is an example of a(n)

negative correlation

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it, but the room is so messy that he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment

A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time. Multiple choice question.

nonnormative

_____ life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.

nonnormative

A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence.

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

Life expectancy in the United States has increased as a result of which of the following?

nutrition medicine improved sanitation

Match each of Freud's stages of psychosexual development with its description.

oral= infant pleasure centers on mouth anal= child pleasure centers on anus phallic= child pleasure focuses on genitals latency= sexual interest is repressed genital= sexual interest is reawakened

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

________ correlations are most applicable to young children, whose parents exert a great deal of control over their early experiences.

passive

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

phallic oral latency anal genital

Maria loves to dance. She has noticed that whenever she dances, she has more energy the next day. Maria has noticed a(n) _____ correlation.

positive

The period of _________ development is the time from conception to birth. (Watch your spelling!)

prenatal

The periods of development in the human life span are

produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens

According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.

psychosocial

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized

sexual instincts

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was ______.

sexual; social

In this clip, we see Dr. Yonas discussing his research on infants. Which of the following is NOT one of the behavioral responses he uses as a measurement?

sitting up

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development?

social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same

socioeconomic status

Select the issues of development among the following.

stability and change nature and nurture continuity and discontinuity

What is a method of data collection that has uniform procedures for administration and scoring?

standardized test

Positive reinforcement ________ and negative reinforcement ________.

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of

the unconscious.

What is the goal of descriptive research?

to observe and record behaviors

What term describes someone whose gender identity differs from the gender assigned to them at birth?

transgender

the term ______ describes someone whose gender identity is different from the one they were assigned at birth.

transgender

True or false: As of 2019, in the United States, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age.

true